Cerebral ganglion
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The cerebral ganglion (CNG; also cerebral ganglia,[1] supra(o)esophageal ganglia [SPG], arthropod brain, or microbrain[2]) is the main part of the brain in most insect species and in some other closely related arthropods, such as myriapods and crustaceans. It receives and processs information from the first, second, and third metameres. It is connected to the gnathal ganglion (GNG), a part of the CNS in the head which may or may not be considered part of the brain.[a]
The cerebral ganglion consists of three parts, each a pair of ganglia that may be more or less pronounced, reduced, or fused depending on the genus:
- The protocerebrum, associated with the eyes (compound eyes and ocelli).[3] Directly associated with the eyes is the optic lobe, as the visual center of the brain.
- The deutocerebrum processes sensory information from the antennae.[3][4] It consists of two parts, the antennal lobe and the dorsal lobe.[4][5][6] The dorsal lobe also contains motor neurons which control the antennal muscles.[7]
- The tritocerebrum integrates sensory inputs from the previous two pairs of ganglia.[3] In locusts and cockroaches, lobes of the tritocerebrum split to circumvent the esophagus and begin the subesophageal ganglion.
The cerebral ganglion lies dorsal to the esophagus in locusts and cockroaches. Contrary to its "supraesophageal" name, it is penetrated by the esophagus during development and remains so in other groups of insects (flies, bees, moths, etc.). In locusts and cockroaches, the parts below the esophagus only remain as thin commissures, hence the original perception of it lying above the esophagus.[1]
The gnathal ganglion continues the nervous system and lies ventral to the esophagus. Finally, the segmental ganglia of the ventral nerve cord are found in each body segment as a fused ganglion; they provide the segments with some autonomous control.
Homology
[edit]Similarities of gene expression patterns between insect and vertebrate/mammalian brain indicate that many structual elements derive from common building blocks inherited from a common bilaterian ancestor. For example, the gene circuit defining the midbrain-hindbrain boundary in vertebrates and some other chordates is orthologous to the gene circuit that defines either the deutocerebral–tritocerebral boundary (antennal/intercalary parasegment boundary) or the antennal-ocular boundary ("insect head boundary", IHB)[8] in insects. There is also a correspondence in neural circuits and behavioral functions.[9]
The mushroom bodies of the protocerebrum are homologous to the vertebrate cerebral cortex, according to expression profiling by image registration.[10]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- 1 2 3 Ito, Kei; Shinomiya, Kazunori; Ito, Masayoshi; Armstrong, J. Douglas; Boyan, George; Hartenstein, Volker; Harzsch, Steffen; Heisenberg, Martin; Homberg, Uwe; Jenett, Arnim; Keshishian, Haig; Restifo, Linda L.; Rössler, Wolfgang; Simpson, Julie H.; Strausfeld, Nicholas J.; Strauss, Roland; Vosshall, Leslie B. (19 February 2014). "A systematic nomenclature for the insect brain". Neuron. 81 (4): 755–765. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2013.12.017. PMID 24559671.; Supplemental Information, which includes details of this nomenclature.
- ↑ Makoto Mizunami, Fumio Yokohari, Masakazu Takahata (1999). "Exploration into the Adaptive Design of the Arthropod "Microbrain"". Zoological Science. 16 (5): 703–709. doi:10.2108/zsj.16.703. S2CID 86501328.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - 1 2 3 Meyer, John R. "The Nervous System". General Entomology course at North Carolina State University. Department of Entomology NC State University. Retrieved 11 November 2013.
- 1 2 Homberg, U; Christensen, T A; Hildebrand, J G (1989). "Structure and Function of the Deutocerebrum in Insects". Annual Review of Entomology. 34: 477–501. doi:10.1146/annurev.en.34.010189.002401. PMID 2648971.
- ↑ "Invertebrate Brain Platform". RIKEN BSI Neuroinformatics Japan Center.
- ↑ "Deutocerebrum". Flybrain.
- ↑ "Deutocerebrum". Invertebrate Brain Platform. Chelicerata, with their missing antennae, have a very reduced (or absent) deutocerebrum.
- ↑ Posnien, N; Hunnekuhl, VS; Bucher, G (26 September 2023). "Gene expression mapping of the neuroectoderm across phyla - conservation and divergence of early brain anlagen between insects and vertebrates". eLife. 12 e92242. doi:10.7554/eLife.92242. PMC 10522337. PMID 37750868.
- ↑ Bridi, Jessika C.; Ludlow, Zoe N.; Kottler, Benjamin; Hartmann, Beate; Vanden Broeck, Lies; Dearlove, Jonah; Göker, Markus; Strausfeld, Nicholas J.; Callaerts, Patrick; Hirth, Frank (11 August 2020). "Ancestral regulatory mechanisms specify conserved midbrain circuitry in arthropods and vertebrates". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 117 (32): 19544–19555. Bibcode:2020PNAS..11719544B. doi:10.1073/pnas.1918797117. PMC 7431035. PMID 32747566.
- ↑ Sweeney, Lora B.; Luo, Liqun (September 2010). "'Fore Brain: A Hint of the Ancestral Cortex". Cell. 142 (5): 679–681. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2010.08.024. PMID 20813256.
Further reading
[edit]- Erber, J.; Menzel, R. (1977). "Visual interneurons in the median protocerebrum of the bee". Journal of Comparative Physiology. 121 (1): 65–77. doi:10.1007/bf00614181. S2CID 34198518.
- Wong, Allan M., Jing W. Wang, and Richard Axel (2002). "Spatial Representation of the Glomerular Map in the Drosophila Protocerebrum". Cell. 109 (2): 229–241. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(02)00707-9. PMID 12007409.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - Malun, D.; Waldow, U.; Kraus, D.; Boeckh, J. (1993). "Connections between the deutocerebrum and the protocerebrum, and neuroanatomy of several classes of deutocerebral projection neurons in the brain of male Periplaneta americana". J. Comp. Neurol. 329 (2): 143–162. doi:10.1002/cne.903290202. PMID 8454728. S2CID 20142144.
- Flanagan, Daniel; Mercer, Alison R. (1989). "Morphology and response characteristics of neurones in the deutocerebrum of the brain in the honeybeeApis mellifera". Journal of Comparative Physiology A. 164 (4): 483–494. doi:10.1007/bf00610442. S2CID 23327875.
- Childress, Steven A.; B. McIver, Susan (1984). "Morphology of the deutocerebrum of female Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae)". Canadian Journal of Zoology. 62 (7): 1320–1328. Bibcode:1984CaJZ...62.1320C. doi:10.1139/z84-190.
- Technau, Gerhard (2008). Technau, Gerhard M (ed.). Brain Development in Drosophila melanogaster. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology (in Dutch). Vol. 628. New York Austin, Tex: Springer Science+Business Media Landes Bioscience. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-78261-4. ISBN 978-0-387-78260-7. OCLC 314349837.
- Aubele, Elisabeth, and Nikolai Klemm (1977). "Origin, destination and mapping of tritocerebral neurons of locust". Cell and Tissue Research. 178 (2): 199–219. doi:10.1007/bf00219048. PMID 66098. S2CID 22872816.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - Chaudonneret, J. "Evolution of the insect brain with special reference to the so-called tritocerebrum." Arthropod brain. Wiley, New York (1987): 3-26.
- "Behavioral Neuroscience, lecture on Honey Bee and its behavior - Neuroanatomy". Retrieved 2019-02-08.
External links
[edit]- "Suboesophageal Ganglion". flybrain.
- "Dissecting insect brain for in vivo electrophysiology". YouTube. Neuronal Systems Lab, Center for Neural and Cognitive Systems, University of Hyderabad. 27 June 2021.
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