// Workers AI · dad joke modeWhat did the Xakriabá language say to its student? You're x-actly fluent.
| Xakriabá | |
|---|---|
| Krẽká | |
| Native to | Brazil |
| Region | Minas Gerais |
| Ethnicity | Xakriabá people |
Macro-Jê
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | xkr |
| Glottolog | xakr1238 |
| ELP | Xakriabá |
 Xakriabá is classified as Extinct by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger. | |
Xakriabá (also called Chakriaba, Chikriaba, Shacriaba or Shicriabá)[1] is a dormant Akuwẽ (Central Jê) language (Jê, Macro-Jê) formerly spoken in Minas Gerais, Brazil by the Xakriabá people, who today speak Portuguese.[2] The language is known through two short wordlists collected by Augustin Saint-Hilaire and Wilhelm Ludwig von Eschwege.[3]: 14
History
[edit]Before 1712, Xakriabá was originally spoken along the São Francisco River near São Romão, Minas Gerais[4] (Saint-Hilaire 2000: 340–341).[5] The Xakriabá were then forced to migrate after being defeated by Matias Cardoso de Almeida and other Paulistas from 1690 onwards. In 1819, Saint-Hilaire (1975: 145)[6] noted that the Xakriabá of Triângulo Mineiro region spoke a Xerente dialect.[4] It was reported that Dejanira Xakriabá, who died in 2007, knew the orignal language of the Xakriabá.[7] Presently, only a few elders remember some phrases in Xakriabá.[8]
Phonology
[edit]Vowels
[edit]| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i ĩ | ɨ | u ũ |
| Mid | e ẽ | ə | o õ |
| Open-mid | ɛ | ɔ | |
| Open | a ã |
- /i/ can also be heard as [ɪ] in shortened positions.
Consonants
[edit]| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stop | voiceless | p | t | k | ||
| voiced | b | d | ||||
| Fricative | voiceless | s | (ʃ) | h | ||
| voiced | z | (ʒ) | ||||
| Nasal | m | n | ||||
| Tap | ɾ | |||||
| Approximant | w | (j) | ||||
- [j] is heard from /i/ before other vowels or within diphthongs.
- [ʃ ʒ] are heard as allophones of /s z/.
- [tʃ dʒ ɲ] are heard as allophones of /t d n/ when palatalized before /i/.
- [ɡ] can be heard as an allophone of /k/.[8]
References
[edit]- ↑ "Shakriabá". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 5 June 2019. Retrieved 7 November 2024.
- ↑ Christopher Moseley (2007). Encyclopedia Of The World's Endangered Languages. London, UK: Routledge. p. 182. ISBN 9780700711970.
- ↑ Nikulin, Andrey (2020). Proto-Macro-Jê: um estudo reconstrutivo (PDF) (Ph.D. dissertation). Brasília: Universidade de Brasília.
- 1 2 Ramirez, H., Vegini, V., & França, M. C. V. de. (2015). Koropó, puri, kamakã e outras línguas do Leste Brasileiro. LIAMES: Línguas Indígenas Americanas, 15(2), 223 - 277. doi:10.20396/liames.v15i2.8642302
- ↑ Saint-Hilaire, Auguste de. 2000. Viagem pelas províncias do Rio de Janeiro e Minas Gerais. Belo Horizonte: Editora Itatiaia.
- ↑ Saint-Hilaire, Auguste de. 1975. Viagem à província de Goiás. Belo Horizonte: Editora Itatiaia.
- ↑ Rodrigues, Ana Paula Santos; Silva, Manoel Antônio de Oliveira (2024-03-29). "Os cantos Xakriabá e a retomada da língua akwe᷉". Cadernos de Linguística. 5 (1): e691. doi:10.25189/2675-4916.2024.v5.n1.id691. ISSN 2675-4916.
- 1 2 Rodrigues Mota, Liliane (2020). Estudo Sobre o Léxico Akwe Xakriabá: Uma Proposta de Escrita e Uma Chamada para a Revitalização da Língua (PDF). Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais.
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