// Workers AI · dad joke modeWhat did the Kháng language say? It resisted translation.

Kháng
Kháng
Mang U'
Native to	Vietnam
Region	Sơn La and Lai Châu provinces
Ethnicity	Khang
Native speakers	14,000 (2009 census)
Language family	Austroasiatic Khasi–Palaungic Palaungic Bit–Khang Kháng; ; ; ;
Language codes
ISO 639-3	kjm – inclusive code; Individual code:; xao – Khao
Glottolog	khan1274
ELP	Kháng

Kháng (Chinese: 抗语), also known as Mang U', is an Austroasiatic language of Vietnam.^[2] It is closely related to the Bumang language of southern Yunnan, China.

Classification

Paul Sidwell (2014)^[3] classifies Khang as Palaungic, although Jerold Edmondson (2010) suggests it is Khmuic.

Kháng is most closely related to Bumang (Edmondson 2010).

Distribution

Kháng speakers are an officially recognized ethnic group in Vietnam,^[4] and officially numbered 10,272 in 1999.

The Kháng are distributed in the following districts of northwest Vietnam in Sơn La Province and Lai Châu Province:^[5]

Sơn La Province (along the Black River)
- Thuận Châu (including Bản Ná Lai village)
- Quỳnh Nhai
- Mường La
Lai Châu Province
Điện Biên Province
- Mường Lay (alternatively Mường Chà)
- Tuần Giáo

Tạ (2021) contains a phonology and word list of the Kháng dialect of Nậm Mu village, Phình Sáng commune, Tuần Giáo district, Điện Biên province.^[6]

Phonology

Consonants

Onsets /kʰw, sw, hw/, and coda /ɰ/ are apparently limited to borrowings (Vietnamese and Tai).^[7]

Onsets

Khang onsets^[8]
		Labial	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Plosive	plain	p	t	c	k	ʔ
	aspirated	pʰ	tʰ		kʰ
	voiced	b	d
Fricative	voiceless	f	s	(ʃ)	(x)	h
Fricative	voiced	v	z
Nasal		m	n	ɲ	ŋ
Lateral			l

Codas

Khang codas
	Bilabial	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Plosive	p	t		k	ʔ
Nasal	m	n		ŋ
Lateral		l
Approximant	w		j	(ɰ)

Vowels

Khang vowels^[8]
	Front	Central	Back
Close	i	ɯ	u
Mid	e	ə	o
Open	ɛ	ă, a	ɔ
Diphthongs	[iə]	[ɯə]	[uə]

Additionally, the following diphthongs can be found: /iɤ/, /ɯɤ/, /uɤ/.

Suprasegmentals

Kháng also has eight tones in total, six of which appear on "live syllables" - open syllables or syllables ending with sonorants, and the other two are limited to "dead syllables" - syllables ending in the oral stops /p t k/.^[6] Each tone also carries with it a specific register affecting the phonation of the syllable.

The live syllable tones are as follows:

[ ˥ ] - high, level, modal voice
[ ˩ˀ] - low, level, ending in a glottal stop
[ ˧˥ˀ] - high-rising, ending in a glottal stop
[ ˧˩ˀ] - low-falling, ending in a glottal stop
[ ˧˨˧ ] - mid-dipping, modal voice
[ ˨˩˨ ] - low-dipping, creaky voice

The dead syllable tones are as follows:

[ ˦˧ ] - high-falling
[ ˩˨ ] - low-rising

Syllable structure

The Khang lexicon is dominated by monosyllables though di- and trisyllabic compound words are common. The maximal word template is C_i(C_m)V(C_f)^T.^[9]

References

↑ Kháng at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
Khao at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
↑ Hammarström (2015) Ethnologue 16/17/18th editions: a comprehensive review: online appendices
↑ Sidwell, Paul. 2014. "Khmuic classification and homeland Archived 2016-02-03 at the Wayback Machine". Mon-Khmer Studies 43.1:47-56
↑ "Documenting and Preserving the Khang Language in Vietnam". United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. Retrieved 2016-08-29.
↑ Edmondson, Jerold A. (2010). "The Kháng language of Vietnam in comparison to Ksingmul (Xinh-mun)" (PDF). In McElhanon, Kenneth A.; Reesink, Ger (eds.). A Mosaic of languages and cultures: studies celebrating the career of Karl J. Franklin. SIL e-Books. SIL International, Dallas. p. 140.
1 2 Tạ, Quang Tùng (2021). "A Phonology and Lexicon of Khang in Vietnam". Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society. 14 (2). hdl:10524/52487. ISSN 1836-6821. Retrieved 2023-06-30.
↑ Sidwell 2015, p. 61.
1 2 Mikami 2003.
↑ Sidwell 2015, p. 60.

External links

https://web.archive.org/web/20131202221448/http://cema.gov.vn/modules.php?name=Content&op=details&mid=508
https://projekt.ht.lu.se/rwaai RWAAI (Repository and Workspace for Austroasiatic Intangible Heritage)
http://hdl.handle.net/10050/00-0000-0000-0003-93F5-2@view Khang in RWAAI Digital Archive

This Austroasiatic language-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by adding missing information.

[e18-1] Kháng at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
Khao at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)

[2] Hammarström (2015) Ethnologue 16/17/18th editions: a comprehensive review: online appendices

[3] Sidwell, Paul. 2014. "Khmuic classification and homeland Archived 2016-02-03 at the Wayback Machine". Mon-Khmer Studies 43.1:47-56

[4] "Documenting and Preserving the Khang Language in Vietnam". United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. Retrieved 2016-08-29.

[5] Edmondson, Jerold A. (2010). "The Kháng language of Vietnam in comparison to Ksingmul (Xinh-mun)" (PDF). In McElhanon, Kenneth A.; Reesink, Ger (eds.). A Mosaic of languages and cultures: studies celebrating the career of Karl J. Franklin. SIL e-Books. SIL International, Dallas. p. 140.

[ta21-6] 1 2 Tạ, Quang Tùng (2021). "A Phonology and Lexicon of Khang in Vietnam". Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society. 14 (2). hdl:10524/52487. ISSN 1836-6821. Retrieved 2023-06-30.

[FOOTNOTESidwell201561-7] Sidwell 2015, p. 61.

[FOOTNOTEMikami2003-8] 1 2 Mikami 2003.

[FOOTNOTESidwell201560-9] Sidwell 2015, p. 60.

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