Hūrhan
| Hūrhan | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Manchu name | |||||||
| Manchu script | ᡥᡡᡵᡥᠠᠨ | ||||||
| Möllendorff | hūrhan | ||||||
| Chinese name | |||||||
| Chinese | 扈尔汉 | ||||||
| |||||||
| Pronunciation respelling name | |||||||
| Pronunciation respelling | HO-er-hahn | ||||||
Darhan Hiya Hūrhan[1] (1578-1623), a member of Tunggiya clan, was a prominent minister and military commander under Nurhaci during the rise of Jianzhou Jurchen and Later Jin Khanate. His family came from Yarhu village which entered Nurhaci’s service following his father and the tribal leader, Hūlahū, and later organized into the Plain White Banner. Hūrhan was raised as an adopted son by Nurhaci at the age of thirteen. He was also granted the imperial surname Gioro and later became one of Nurhaci's most trusted ministers and generals.[2]
Biography
[edit]Hūrhan distinguished himself in numerous campaigns against the Ula, Warka, and Woji tribes. In 1607, he helped escort the surrender of the Fio Hoton of Warka tribes,[3] which was a vessel tribe under Ula. Hūrhan played a key role in defeating a much larger Ula force sent by the ruler Bujantai. He subsequently led several expeditions into Woji territory, capturing thousands of people and households. For his military achievements, Nurhaci awarded him armor, horses, and the honorary title Darhan Hiya (達爾漢侍衛,[2] "the Minister Guard").[4]
He participated in the conquest of Ula in 1613 and was subsequently appointed one of Nurhaci’s Five Ministers, the highest-ranking officials in the emerging Later Jin state. In the early reign of Nurhaci as the Khan, Hūrhan was entrusted with enforcing the agreement between Nurhaci and the Ming dynasty. After repeatedly intercepting and executing Ming personnel who illegally crossed the border, he became involved in a diplomatic dispute between the two states. In 1617, he joined Anfiyanggū in a campaign against the Sahaliyan tribe of Wild Jurchens, subduing numerous settlements and extending Later Jin influence in the lower Amur region.[5]
During the Battle of Sarhū in 1619, Hūrhan fought in the campaigns that destroyed the Ming armies led by Du Song (杜松) and Ma Lin (馬林). He also played a decisive role in the defeat of the Ming-Joseon combined forces led by commander Liu Ting (劉綎), helping to ambush and annihilate his force. He later participated in Nurhaci’s capture of Shenyang and the defeat of Ming commander He Shixian (賀世賢).[6]
Hūrhan reached through the military ranks to the hereditary position of Viscount Third-Class (三等子爵).[2] He died in 1623 at the age of forty-eight, and Nurhaci personally attended his funeral, reflecting the high esteem in which he was held.[7]
Citation
[edit]
- ↑ Stary, Giovanni (2000). A Dictionary of Manchu Names: A Name-Index to the Manchu Version of the 'Complete Genealogies of the Manchu Clans and Families of the Eight Banners. Harrassowitz. p. 90. ISBN 9783447042178.
Darhan Hiya Hūrhan (Yarhu ba-i Tunggiya)
- 1 2 3 Hongzhou (2002). Complete Genealogies of the Manchu Clans and Families of the Eight Banners (in Simplified Chinese). Liaohai Publishing. p. 251. ISBN 9787806691892.
- ↑ Stary, Giovanni (2000). A Dictionary of Manchu Names: A Name-Index to the Manchu Version of the 'Complete Genealogies of the Manchu Clans and Families of the Eight Banners. Harrassowitz. p. 635. ISBN 9783447042178.
- ↑ Draft History of Qing Volume 225：「瓦爾喀部蜚悠城初屬烏喇，貝勒布佔泰待之虐，丁未正月，城長策穆特黑請徙附太祖，太祖命貝勒舒爾哈齊等將三千人迎之，扈爾漢從。既至蜚悠城，收環城屯寨凡五百戶，使扈爾漢與揚古利率兵三百，護以前行。布佔泰發兵萬人邀諸路，扈爾漢結寨山巔，使蜚悠城之。自率二百人與烏喇兵萬人各據山為陣，相持，使馳告後軍，翼日烏喇悉眾來戰，揚古利迎擊，烏喇兵稍退，會後軍至，奮擊，大破之。夏五月，太祖命貝勒巴雅喇將千人伐渥集部，扈爾漢從，取赫席黑俄漠和蘇魯、佛訥赫拕克索三路，俘二千人。己酉冬十二月，復命扈爾漢將千人伐渥集部，取滹野路，收二千戶以還，太祖嘉其功，賚甲冑及馬，賜號「達爾漢」。辛亥冬十二月，復命扈爾漢及何和禮、額亦都將二千人伐渥集部虎爾哈路，克扎庫塔城，斬千餘級，俘二千人；撫環近諸路，收五百戶以還。」(in Chinese)
- ↑ Draft History of Qing Volume 225：「先是太祖與明盟，畫界，戒民毋竊逾，違者殺毋赦。至天命初將十年，明民越境採參鑿礦，取樹木果蔬，殆歲有之。太祖使扈爾漢行邊，遇明民逾塞，取而殺之，凡五十餘輩。太祖遣綱古里、方吉納如廣寧，廣寧巡撫李維翰系諸獄，而使來責言，且求殺逾塞民者，太祖拒不許。既乃取葉赫俘十人戮撫順關下，明亦釋使者。是年秋七月，太祖命扈爾漢及安費揚古將二千人伐薩哈連部，道收兀爾簡河南北三十六寨；遂進攻薩哈連部，取十一寨，降其三路。」(in Chinese)
- ↑ Draft History of Qing Volume 225：「四年春二月，明經略楊鎬大舉四道來侵，三月，太祖督軍御之，扈爾漢從貝勒阿敏先行，與明游擊喬一琦遇，擊敗之。時朝鮮出軍助明，其帥姜弘立屯孤拉庫嶺，一琦收殘卒匿朝鮮營。扈爾漢從諸貝勒擊明軍，戰於薩爾滸，破明將杜松等；戰於尚間崖，破明將馬林等：扈爾漢皆在行間。明將劉綎自寬奠入董鄂路，牛錄額真托保等戰不利。扈爾漢帥師與托保合軍，憑隘為伏，諸貝勒軍出瓦爾喀什林。劉綎將率兵登阿布達里岡為陣，扈爾漢引軍扼其衝，諸貝勒繼至，東西夾擊，破之，綎戰死，明兵遂熸。五年，太祖取瀋陽，扈爾漢從擊明總兵賀世賢等，敗之。」(in Chinese)
- ↑ Draft History of Qing Volume 225：「八年冬十月，卒，年甫四十八，太祖親臨其喪。」(in Chinese)