Hapalodectidae
| Hapalodectidae | |
|---|---|
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| Life restoration of Hapalodectes serus (bottom) and Pachyaena | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | †Mesonychia |
| Family: | †Hapalodectidae Szalay & Gould, 1966 |
| Genera | |
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Hapalodectidae (literal translation 'soft biters': hapalos ('soft, tender'), dêktês ('biter')) is an extinct family of relatively small-bodied (1–8 kg (2.2–17.6 lb))[3] mesonychian placental mammals from the Middle Paleocene to Middle Eocene of North America and Asia.[4][5] Hapalodectids differ from the larger and better-known mesonychids by having teeth specialized for cutting (presumably meat), while the teeth of other mesonychids, such as Mesonyx or Sinonyx, are more specialized for crushing bones.[3] Hapalodectids were once considered a subfamily of the Mesonychidae,[6] but the discovery of a skull of Hapalodectes hetangensis showed additional differences justifying placement in a distinct family.[7] In particular, H. hetangensis has a postorbital bar closing the back of the orbit,[7] a feature lacking in mesonychids. The postcranial skeletal anatomy of hapalodectids is poorly known, and of the postcranial elements, only the humerus has been described. The morphology of this bone indicates less specialization for terrestrial locomotion than in mesonychids.[8]
Taxa
[edit]"Hapalodectinae" was originally erected on the basis of Hapalodectes, and, after promotion to family ranking, contained up to five genera based on teeth and jaw fragments with anatomies similar to Hapalodectes. However, as of Ting and Li, 1987, and confirmed with Gunnell and Gingerich, 1996, the genera Honanodon, Lohoodon and Metahapalodectes are no longer considered hapalodectids due to the absence of grooves on the lower molars otherwise diagnostic of Hapalodectes and Hapalorestes.[9]
Family Hapalodectidae
- Genus Hapalodectes
- H. anthracinus Zhou et Gingerich, 1991
- H. dux Lopatin, 1999
- H. hetangensis Ting et Li, 1987
- H. huanghaiensis Tong et Wang, 2006
- H. leptognathus Osborn et Wortman, 1892
- H. lopatini Solé et al., 2017
- H. paleocenus Beard et al., 2010
- H. serus Matthew et Granger, 1925
- Genus Hapalorestes
- H. lovei
References
[edit]- ↑ Solé, Floréal; Bast, Eric D.; Yang, Jian; Li, Cheng-Sen; Smith, Thierry (2017). "The first species of Hapalodectes (Mesonychia, Mammalia) from the middle Paleocene of China (Qianshan Basin, Anhui Province) sheds light on the initial radiation of hapalodectids". Paleontology. 60 (3): 433–449. doi:10.5061/dryad.v4q0r.
- ↑ Solc, Floréal; Fournier, Morgane; Ladevèze, Sandrine; et al. (2023). "New postcranial elements of mesonychid mammals from the Ypresian of France: New hypotheses for the radiation and evolution of the mesonychids in Europe". Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 30 (2): 371–401. doi:10.1007/s10914-023-09651-x.
- 1 2 Gunnell, Gregg F.; Gingerich, Philip D. (1989). "New hapalodectid Hapalorestes lovei (Mammalia, Mesonychia) from the early middle Eocene of northwestern Wyoming". Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology. 29 (15). University of Michigan: 413–418. hdl:2027.42/48636.
- ↑ McKenna, Malcolm C.; Bell, Susan K. (December 1997). Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level. Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-11012-X.
- ↑ Solé, Floréal; Bast, Eric D.; Yang, Jian; Li, Cheng-Sen; Smith, Thierry (2017). "The first species of Hapalodectes (Mesonychia, Mammalia) from the middle Paleocene of China (Qianshan Basin, Anhui Province) sheds light on the initial radiation of hapalodectids". Paleontology. 60 (3): 433–449. doi:10.5061/dryad.v4q0r.
- ↑ Szalay, Frederick S.; Gould, Stephen Jay (1966). "Asiatic Mesonychidae (Mammalia, Condylarthra)". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 132: 127–174. hdl:2246/1112.
- 1 2 Ting, Suyin; Li, Chuankuei (1987). "The skull of Hapalodectes (?Acreodi, Mammalia), with notes on some Chinese Paleocene mesonychids" (PDF). Vertebrata PalAsiatica (in Chinese and English). 25: 161–186. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-11-02.
- ↑ O'Leary, Maureen A. (1998). "Morphology of the humerus of Hapalodectes (Mammalia, Mesonychia)". American Museum Novitates (3242): 1–6. hdl:2246/3175.
- ↑ Gunnell, Gregg F., and Philip D. Gingerich. "New hapalodectid Hapalorestes lovei (Mammalia, Mesonychia) from the early Middle Eocene of northwestern Wyoming." (1996).
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| Mesonychidae |  | |
| Hapalodectidae | ||
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