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// Workers AI · dad joke modeIs Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa a good ruler? He's got a khalifa reputation.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Hamad bin Isa Al-Khalifa)

Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa
Hamad in 2025
King of Bahrain
Reign14 February 2002 – present
PredecessorPosition established
Himself (as Emir)
Heir apparentSalman bin Hamad Al Khalifa
Prime MinisterKhalifa bin Salman Al Khalifa
Salman bin Hamad Al Khalifa
Emir of Bahrain
Reign6 March 1999 – 14 February 2002
PredecessorIsa bin Salman Al Khalifa
SuccessorPosition abolished
Himself (as King)
Prime MinisterKhalifa bin Salman Al Khalifa
Born (1950-01-28) 28 January 1950 (age 76)
Riffa, Bahrain, British Empire[a]
Spouse
​
(m. 1968)​
  • Sheia bint Hassan bin Khraish Alajmi
  • Hessa bint Faisal bin Shraim Almerri
  • Manal bint Jabor Aljbor Alnuaimi
Issue
Detail
List
Arabicحمد بن عيسى آل خليفة
HouseKhalifa
FatherIsa bin Salman Al Khalifa
MotherHessa bint Salman Al Khalifa
ReligionSunni Islam
Military career
AllegianceBahrain
Branch
Bahrain Defence Force
Service years
1968–
Rank
General
CommandsCommander-in-Chief of the Bahrain Defence Force
Bahrain National Guard
EducationMons Officer Cadet School
U.S. Army Command and General Staff College

Hamad bin Isa bin Salman Al Khalifa (Arabic: حمد بن عيسى بن سلمان آل خليفة; born 28 January 1950) is King of Bahrain, having reigned since 2002, and was previously Emir of Bahrain since 1999.

Hamad received his early education in Bahrain and the United Kingdom before attending the Mons Officer Cadet School, which he graduated in 1968. He also became a graduate of the United States Army Command and General Staff College in 1973. After his return to Bahrain, Hamad served as the commander of the Bahrain National Guard, commander-in-chief of the Bahrain Defence Force, and minister of state for defense. He established the air force as an independent branch. He succeeded his father, Isa bin Salman Al Khalifa, as emir in 1999 and became the first king of Bahrain when he declared the country a kingdom in 2002.

Hamad's reign has been marked by transformative political, constitutional, and economic reforms. Shortly after succeeding his father in 1999, he released political prisoners and proposed a reform package, the National Action Charter, which led to a new constitution in 2002. The constitution officially changed Bahrain from an emirate to a constitutional monarchy. A legislative election was held for the first time in decades. His reign has also seen efforts to diversify the economy and expand Bahrain's role as a regional financial centre. However, it has been accompanied by political tensions and periods of unrest, most notably during the 2011 Bahraini uprising and its aftermath.[1]

Bahrain under Hamad is considered a semi-constitutional monarchy in which the state is dominated by the House of Al Khalifa and security forces commit human rights violations. He presided over the response to the 2011 protests, including by declaring martial law and allowing the deployment of Saudi and Emirati troops. In foreign policy, he sought close alliances with the United States, the United Kingdom, and Saudi Arabia. Hamad supported the US-led invasion of Iraq in 2003 and contributed forces for the Saudi-led intervention in Yemen in 2015. In 2020, he negotiated a normalization agreement with Israel as part of the Abraham Accords, and in 2026 he joined the US-led Board of Peace.

Early life and education

[edit]

Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa was born on 28 January 1950 in Riffa, Bahrain.[2] His parents were Isa bin Salman Al Khalifa, then Crown Prince, and Hessa bint Salman Al Khalifa.[3]

After attending Manama secondary school in Bahrain, Hamad was sent to England to attend Applegarth College in Godalming, Surrey before enrolling at The Leys School in Cambridge. Hamad then underwent military training, first with the British Army at Mons Officer Cadet School at Aldershot in Hampshire, graduating in September 1968.[2] Four years later, in June 1972, Hamad attended the United States Army Command and General Staff College at Fort Leavenworth in Kansas, graduating the following June with a degree in leadership.[4]

Crown prince

[edit]
Hamad in military uniform in the 1980s

Hamad was designated as heir apparent by his father on 27 June 1964. In 1968, he was appointed as the chairman of the irrigation council and Manama municipal council. He was commissioned into the Bahrain National Guard on 16 February 1968 and appointed as its commander the same year, remaining in that post until 1969 when he was appointed as the commander-in-chief of the Bahrain Defence Force (the renamed former National Guard). In 1970, Hamad became the head of the Bahraini department of defence and the vice-chairman of the administrative council, remaining in both offices until 1971. From 1971 to 1988 he was the minister of state for defence.[5] Hamad presided over the expansion of Bahrain's military.[6] In October 1977, Hamad started learning to fly helicopters, successfully completing the training in January 1978.[7] He then worked to establish the Bahrain Amiri Air Force,[4] which came into being at the height of the Tanker War in 1987 when the defence force air wing was reconstituted as an air force.[7]

Hamad's tenure as commander-in-chief coincided with the 1990s uprising in Bahrain, when Shia Muslim-led opposition forces under Abdul Amir al-Jamri demanded that the Sunni Muslim monarchy restored the suspended national legislature. Hamad was one of the negotiators with the opposition on the government side.[8] The military did not become involved in the clashes between pro-democracy protestors and the government from December 1994 to April 1995, but in January 1996, Hamad issued a statement of support for the government. This was interpreted as Hamad backing the government of his uncle, Prime Minister Khalifa bin Salman Al Khalifa, with whom he was known to have had disagreements in the past. During a police crackdown in response to violent riots, the Bahrain Defence Force announced that it was willing to stop the rioting on the basis of martial law.[9][10]

Hamad with Gen. Norman Schwarzkopf during the Gulf War

In March 1996, Crown Prince Hamad condemned a wave of Hamas terrorist attacks against Israel, and made Bahrain the first Gulf country to participate in a United States-led counterterrorism summit.[11] The summit, hosted by Egypt's Hosni Mubarak, involved the leaders of several Arab states, the US, Israel, and Russia, and was intended as a show of support for Israel against Hamas.[12] Hamad met US Secretary of State Warren Christopher on 8 March 1996 to discuss counter-terrorism and regional security prior to the "Summit of the Peacemakers" in Egypt.[13]

Amidst Bahrain's territorial dispute with Qatar, its boycott of a GCC summit in Doha, and the two countries accusing each other of espionage, in December 1996 Qatari foreign minister Hamad bin Jassim bin Hamad Al Thani accused Crown Prince Hamad of spending "so much time making statements against us that he could not possibly have had time to work for the development of his country." Bahrain was also accused of supporting the reigning Qatari emir's deposed father after the 1995 coup d'état in Qatar.[14] An Al Jazeera documentary in 2018 interviewed a Qatari dissident who claimed that Hamad personally financed sabotage operations against the then-new emir of Qatar, Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani, including a coup attempt in February 1996 and an attempted bombing of a government building in Doha in October 1996.[15] Previously, Hamad called on Qatar to end its case against Bahrain at the International Court of Justice over the Bahraini-administered Hawar Islands, and to accept Saudi mediation for the territorial dispute.[16] Hamad met Qatar's foreign minister in London on 14 February 1997 and reached an agreement for the two countries to end their public feud, after mediation by the other GCC states.[17]

Reign

[edit]
Hamad in 2001 with Donald Rumsfeld

On the death of his father Isa, Hamad became Emir of Bahrain on 6 March 1999.[6][18] Hamad is the second monarch of Bahrain since its independence in 1971, and the 14th monarch of the Al Khalifa dynasty.[19] On 14 February 2002, he declared himself King of Bahrain when the country officially became a constitutional monarchy on the basis of its new constitution.[20][21] He enjoys wide executive authorities which include appointing the prime minister and his ministers, commanding the army, chairing the Higher Judicial Council, appointing the parliament's upper half and dissolving its elected lower half.[22]: . 15  Bahrain under Hamad is a semi-constitutional monarchy in which the Al Khalifa dynasty dominates the political system.[23]

Political turmoil and reform

[edit]

Hamad's government initially continued continued repressive measures against the Shia-led opposition movement, including summary arrests, torture, and deportation of activists. His uncle Khalifa bin Salman Al Khalifa remained as prime minister, who was in favor of authoritarian measures,[24] and had effectively controlled the country since 1971, while Hamad's father had been in a largely ceremonial role as emir.[25] Khalifa continued to wield extensive authority, especially over the security services, and reportedly undermined Hamad's attempts at reform.[19] Hamad focused on attaining stability in a nation riddled with profound tensions after the 1990s uprising, and sought to transform Bahrain from an emirate into a constitutional monarchy, in which the Al Khalifa dynasty's power would be balanced with an elected parliament.[26][23] After Khalifa died in office in 2020, Hamad focused on consolidating power around his direct descendants, and accelerating economic and political reforms, including by bringing younger leaders into the political system. Hamad appointed his eldest son and crown prince, the pro-reform Salman bin Hamad Al Khalifa, as prime minister. He appointed another son, Nasser bin Hamad Al Khalifa, as national security advisor.[19][23]

Hamad in 2026 with Marco Rubio

Hamad's reforms are credited with bringing political and economic transformation to Bahrain.[23] These included the release of all political prisoners, the dissolution of the State Security Court and the abolition of the 1974 Decree on State Security Measures. Additionally, many Bahraini citizens were permitted to return after several years in exile overseas.[27] The National Action Charter, Hamad's reform program, was submitted to a referendum in February 2001 and met with widespread public support.[26] However, when a new constitution was promulgated by Hamad on 14 February 2002 (which also transformed the emirate into a kingdom),[20] it limited the powers of the elected lower chamber in favor of the un-elected upper chamber, allowing the king to nullify the power of the elected officials. The government also influenced the 2002 general election by granting Bahraini citizenship to Sunni Muslim workers from other countries, which was seen by Shias as an attempt to reduce their demographic dominance.[25][26] These measures were criticized by the opposition, which considered the constitution that Hamad unilaterally promulgated as creating a system in which the king and his advisors were unaccountable.[28]

Hamad implemented incremental reforms as a response to protests. The monarchy being Sunni while the majority of Bahrainis are Shia has created fears of Iranian influence, which has historically claimed Bahrain, where the Arab Al Khalifa family took power from Persians.[25] Shia Muslims, who have been repressed by Bahrain's Sunni-led government since the Iranian Revolution in 1979, were permitted to work in the ministries of defense and interior.[24] Although Hamad's reign has seen the admittance of Shias into positions in the government, there have still been calls for a more equitable distribution of positions and jobs. The Al Khalifa family lead a large number of ministerial and governmental posts including the Ministry of the Interior,[29] Ministry of Justice,[30] the Ministry of Finance,[31] the Ministry of Culture,[32] the Ministry of Foreign Affairs,[33] the Bahrain Economic Development Board[34] and the Supreme Council for Women.[35] The vast majority of significant positions in the Bahrain Defence Force are held by Sunnis,[36] and the government continues its systemic discrimination against Shias.[23]

Elections are not considered to be free or fair by international observers.[23] Al-Wefaq, a Bahraini Shia political movement that wanted a true constitutional monarchy in which the prime minister is accountable to an elected parliament, boycotted the elections in 2002, but won nearly half of the seats in 2006 and 2010. In the years after the 2011 uprising, the government responded aggressively to continued protests, such as by banning al-Wefaq in 2016, and by raiding opposition groups that it claimed were being armed by Iran.[28] On 21 May 2017, US President Donald Trump told Hamad "Our countries have a wonderful relationship together...[T]here has been a little strain, but there won't be strain with this administration." Two days later, the government arrested at least 286 people who were supporters of a Bahraini Shia leader that had been prosecuted.[37] In 2018, Hamad signed an amendment to the Exercise of Political Rights Law that put more limitations on eligibility to run for office.[23]

Hamad, Brad Cooper, Stephanie Hallett, and Crown Prince Salman during the war with Iran

In a series of four mass pardons in April, June, September, and December 2024, Hamad released 3,482 prisoners, including more than 800 people that were deemed political prisoners by the human rights advocates.[38]

During the war against Iran launched by the US and Israel in 2026, Hamad made public appearances and speeches, including visits to Bahraini troops and to victims of the Iranian strikes on Bahrain. He gave a speech on 8 March 2026 condemning Iran's attacks, and visited the Royal Bahraini Air Force on 9 March in military uniform, as the supreme commander.[39] During March, the government arrested demonstrators protesting against the US–Israeli war and mourning Iranian Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei.[40] In April, after Hamad said the government would take measures against anyone who "betrayed the state," 69 foreign-born people had their Bahraini citizenship revoked, for showing support for Iran or espionage.[39] Hamad said in May that "a small group of individuals chose to collaborate with the enemy and cooperated with those who violated national sovereignty," calling it "a grave act of treason," and also said that Iran must stop interfering in Bahrain's internal affairs.[41]

2011 Bahraini uprising

[edit]
A demonstrator holding a poster that compares Hamad to Egypt's Hosni Mubarak, Iraq's Saddam Hussein, and Tunisia's Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, in 2011

On 11 February 2011, Hamad ordered that 1,000 Bahraini Dinars (approximately US$2,667) be given to "each family" to celebrate the tenth anniversary of the National Action Charter referendum. Agence France-Presse linked the BD1,000 payments to 14 February 2011 demonstration plans.[42] On 14 February, the ninth anniversary of the writing of the Constitution of 2002, Bahrain was rocked by protests inspired by the Arab Spring and co-ordinated by a Facebook page named "Day of Rage in Bahrain", a page that was liked by tens of thousands just one week after its creation.[43] Earlier, on 12 February, Hamad met Ali Salman, the leader of the main opposition group Al-Wefaq. Hamad was concerned over the calls for protests online, and Salman tried to negotiate with the king for the replacement of the hardline prime minister, Khalifa bin Salman, with an elected one from outside the royal family. Hamad told him that the other GCC states criticized him for his past reforms, and that they would not accept the prime minister's removal.[44]

The Bahraini government responded with what has been described as a "brutal" crackdown[43][45][46] on the protests, including violations of human rights that caused anger. Later on, demonstrators demanded that Hamad step down.[47] As a result of this "massive" crackdown, Foreign Policy classified him as ranking 3rd out of 8 of "America's Unsavory Allies" calling him "one of the bad guys the U.S. still supports".[48] On 15 February 2011, Hamad apologized for the deaths of two demonstrators in a rare TV speech and urged an investigation into the incident.[22] Two days later, four protesters were killed and hundreds wounded when protesters were attacked in Pearl Roundabout at 03:00 am local time. The Pearl Roundabout was evacuated and encircled by the Bahraini army. Two days later, Crown Prince Salman ordered the withdrawal of army troops from there after the death of another protester caused by live ammunition next to Pearl roundabout.[citation needed] As protests intensified toward the end of the month,[49] Hamad was forced to offer concessions in the form of the release of political prisoners[50] and the dismissal of three government ministers.[51]

Hamad had empowered his son, Crown Prince Salman, to negotiate with the opposition, despite pressure from the prime minister and other GCC countries for a crackdown. Following extensive negotiations, on 13 March, al-Wefaq rejected the crown prince's offer to have a public discussion about most of their demands and to put any agreement to a national referendum, because it was pressured by more radical protestors who wanted upfront concessions. On 14 March, Hamad formally requested a GCC military intervention[44] and declared a State of National Safety for three months. Saudi Arabia deployed about 1,000 troops with armoured support, and the United Arab Emirates deployed about 500 troops. Opposition parties reacted strongly, calling it an "occupation". Hamad, however, claimed that he deployed the troops to "protect infrastructure and to secure key installations".[52][53]

In June 2011, Hamad commissioned the Bahrain Independent Commission of Inquiry, headed by respected human rights lawyer M. Cherif Bassiouni, to look into the events surrounding the unrest. The establishment of the BICI was praised by Barack Obama and the international community[54][55] as a step towards establishing responsibility and accountability for the events of the 2011–2012 Bahraini uprising. The BICI reported its findings in November 2011 and US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton "commend[ed] King Hamad bin Isa al-Khalifa's initiative in commissioning it".[56] Although Hamad promised take action to prevent the abuse of detainees by security forces, the Bahraini government failed to implement this.[57] In August 2012, Amnesty International stated that "the government's response has only scratched the surface of these issues. Reforms have been piecemeal, perhaps aiming to appease Bahrain's international partners, and have failed to provide real accountability and justice for the victims".[58]

Economic policy

[edit]

When Hamad took power, Bahrain, which had the least oil and financial resources of the GCC states, was experiencing a decline in revenue and growing unemployment, especially among the Shia population. Hamad pursued financial reforms to diversify Bahrain's economy away from the oil industry and to attract foreign investment.[19][26]

Foreign relations

[edit]
President George W. Bush welcomes Hamad to the Oval Office in 2004

Before and during his reign, Hamad has strongly supported Bahrain's pro-Western and GCC-aligned foreign policy to counter the increasing regional influence of Iran, which includes maintaining close alliances with the United States, the United Kingdom, and the fellow Sunni Muslim monarchy of Saudi Arabia; the latter also having an interest in maintaining Sunni regional hegemony.[6][23] Bahrain was designated by the US as a major non-NATO ally in 2002, participated in the Saudi-led intervention in the Yemeni civil war that began in 2015, and became the only Arab participant in Operation Prosperity Guardian in 2023 to stop Houthi attacks on commercial vessels.[23]

Hamad appointed Bahrain's first female ambassador in December 1999, when Hayya bin Rashid Al Khalifa was made ambassador to France.[24] He called on Israel to end its occupation of southern Lebanon in February 2000.[59] He visited Qatar in April 2001 and met his counterpart, Emir Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani, after the International Court of Justice issued its ruling on the countries' territorial dispute over the Hawar Islands, awarding Bahrain the island of Hawar, and Qatar the islands of Jinan and Zubara. Bahrain accepted the verdict, and Hamad described it as a win for both countries, allowing them to improve their relations.[60]

Hamad supported President George W. Bush's initiative against Iraq, and met with Bush in February 2003 amidst the build-up for the invasion of Iraq.[61] He also supported a joint Arab proposal for Saddam Hussein to resign, which he called "the only Arab way out to protect Iraq and spare its people and the whole region the threats" of war.[62] Hamad offered privately and publicly to host Saddam Hussein in Bahrain "in a dignified manner" if he were to step down.[63]

Israeli President Isaac Herzog during a state visit to Bahrain with King Hamad in 2022

In August 2020, Hamad explained to visiting U.S. Secretary of State Mike Pompeo that Bahrain was committed to the creation of a Palestinian state, implicitly rejecting the normalization of ties with Israel.[64] However, on 11 September 2020, it was announced that Bahrain and Israel had agreed to establish full diplomatic relations.[65] The Bahrain–Israel normalization agreement was concluded after a phone call involving King Hamad, Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, and US President Donald Trump, and is part of the Abraham Accords, a series of agreements between Muslim states and Israel.[66] On 15 September 2020, Bahrain officially opened state to state relations with Israel, signing diplomatic agreements at a public ceremony at the White House in Washington, D.C.[67] Joining the Abraham Accords was controversial in Bahrain, where much of the population opposes the move.[68] On 15 February 2022, Hamad met with Israeli Prime Minister Naftali Bennett in Manama, in the first visit by an Israeli leader to Bahrain.[69] He met Israeli President Isaac Herzog in December 2022, during the first visit to Bahrain by an Israeli head of state.[70]

The king was invited by the British court to the wedding of Prince William, but declined amidst protests by human rights activists, who had pledged to disrupt his stay in Britain because of his violent response to demonstrators.[71] On 18 September 2022, he met with King Charles III at Buckingham Palace, London, to express condolences ahead of the state funeral of Queen Elizabeth II.[72]

King Hamad at the Gaza peace summit in Sharm El Sheikh, Egypt, in 2025

In September 2023 Bahrain signed the Comprehensive Security Integration and Prosperity Agreement with the US, which it sees as just short of a NATO Article 5-style arrangement.[68] On 2 November 2023, Bahrain recalled its ambassador to Israel, seemingly in response to the Gaza war.[73] That month the Bahraini parliament passed a resolution declaring a suspension of ties with Israel; however, Bahrain's foreign policy is controlled by the executive, and Hamad did not withdraw from the Abraham Accords. Several bilateral agreements with Israel in fields such as tourism and healthcare remain in effect.[74] Bahrain did not develop economic ties to Israel to the same degree as the United Arab Emirates.[19] During the Syrian civil war, in March 2024 Hamad invited Syrian President Bashar al-Assad to attend that year's Arab League summit in Bahrain.[75]

In January 2026, Bahrain received an invitation to join the Board of Peace for the reconstruction of Gaza, and Hamad issued directives on Bahrain's contributions to the board, including to provide funding and other assistance. The decision was made in the context of Hamad's effort to promote tolerance and coexistence as Bahrain's national identity. He attended the first board meeting in the US in February 2026, and the outbreak of the US–Israeli war against Iran later that month did not change his commitment to the project.[68] Hamad met with US military personnel who are assisting Bahrain's air defense.[76] He spoke to Trump on the second day of the war with Iran, who reaffirmed US support for Bahrain's sovereignty, and later in March discussed the war situation with King Abdullah II of Jordan and Egyptian President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi during their visits to Manama.[39] Hamad met with the commander of United States Central Command, Adm. Brad Cooper, in April and in July 2026.[77][78] Some time in July, Bahrain's air force launched strikes on targets inside Iran, alongside Kuwait and with assistance from the UAE.[79]

Personal life

[edit]

Hamad has four wives and has had in total twelve children: seven sons and five daughters.[80]

  • He married his first wife (also his first cousin), Sheikha Sabika bint Ibrahim Al Khalifa, at Rifa'a on 9 October 1968. She is Bahraini and together they have three sons and one daughter:
  • His second wife, Sheikha Sheia bint Hassan Al Khrayyesh Al Ajmi is from Kuwait. Together they have two sons:
  • His third wife, Sheikha Hessa bint Faisal bin Muhammad bin Shuraim Al Marri, with whom he has one son and two daughters:
    • Sheikha Munira bint Hamad Al Khalifa (born 15 July 1990)
    • Sheikh Faisal bin Hamad Al Khalifa (12 February 1991 – 12 January 2006), died in a car accident.
    • Sheikha Noura bint Hamad Al Khalifa (born 6 November 1993)
  • His fourth wife, Sheikha Manal bint Jabor Al Naimi, with whom he has one son and two daughters:
    • Sheikh Sultan bin Hamad Al Khalifa (born 1997)
    • Sheikha Hessa bint Hamad Al Khalifa (born 2000)
    • Sheikha Reema bint Hamad Al Khalifa (born 2002)

Honours and awards

[edit]
Styles of
The King of Bahrain
Reference styleHis Majesty
Spoken styleYour Majesty

King Hamad has received numerous honours from:

Ancestry

[edit]
Ancestors of Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa
8. Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa
4. Salman bin Hamad Al Khalifa
9. a daughter of Salman bin Duaij Al Khalifa
2. Isa bin Salman Al Khalifa
10. Hamad bin Abdullah Al Khalifa
5. Mouza bint Hamad Al Khalifa
1. Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa
12. Ibrahim bin Khalid Al Khalifa
6. Salman bin Ibrahim Al Khalifa
13. Haya bint Salman Al Khalifa
3. Hessa bint Salman Al Khalifa

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ↑ "Bahrain profile - Timeline". BBC News.
  2. 1 2 "Embassy of the Kingdom of Bahrain to the United States". Bahrain Embassy. Archived from the original on 24 September 2010. Retrieved 2 October 2010.
  3. ↑ "Bahrain mourns death of king's mother". Gulf News. 7 August 2009. Retrieved 6 July 2013.
  4. 1 2 "HM the King". Kingdom of Bahrain Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Government of Bahrain. Retrieved 21 February 2011.
  5. ↑ "H.M. KING HAMAD BIN ISA AL KHALIFA". Melange Magazine. 1 November 2016. Archived from the original on 7 April 2022. Retrieved 12 March 2021.
  6. 1 2 3 Jehl, Douglas (6 March 1999). "Bahrain Emir Dies in Palace After Meeting On U.S. Arms". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 27 May 2015. Retrieved 16 July 2026.
  7. 1 2 "H.M THE KING". Archived from the original on 7 April 2023. Retrieved 30 June 2022.
  8. ↑ Hussain, Thomas (30 October 1995). "Bahrain opposition to end hunger strike". United Press International. Retrieved 16 July 2026.
  9. ↑ Hussain, Thomas (20 January 1996). "Bahrain military supports crackdown". United Press International. Retrieved 15 July 2026.
  10. ↑ Hussain, Thomas (21 January 1996). "Gulf closes ranks on Bahrain violence". United Press International. Retrieved 15 July 2026.
  11. ↑ "U.S. praises Bahrain for its support". United Press International. 8 March 1996. Retrieved 15 July 2026.
  12. ↑ "Clinton, Mubarak invite leaders to summit". United Press International. 8 March 1996. Retrieved 16 July 2026.
  13. ↑ "Secretary Christopher and Crown Prince Sheikh Hamad Bin Isa Al-Khalifa". United States Department of State. 11 March 1996. Retrieved 17 July 2026.
  14. ↑ Hussain, Thomas (9 December 1996). "Qatar says Bahrain conspires against it". United Press International. Retrieved 16 July 2026.
  15. ↑ "Al Jazeera documents Bahrain king's role in foiled 1996 coup". Al Jazeera. 12 March 2018. Retrieved 17 July 2026.
  16. ↑ "Bahrain proposes summit with Qatar". United Press International. 5 August 1996. Retrieved 16 July 2026.
  17. ↑ "Bahrain lauds thaw in Qatar ties". United Press International. 24 February 1997. Retrieved 16 July 2026.
  18. ↑ "Bahrain profile – Timeline". BBC News. 12 November 2018. Retrieved 12 March 2021.
  19. 1 2 3 4 5 "Bahrain". Congressional Research Service. 15 December 2025. Retrieved 16 July 2026.
  20. 1 2 Dharwesh, Ghaleb (15 February 2002). "Bahrain becomes a kingdom". Arab News. Retrieved 16 July 2026.
  21. ↑ "Constitutional history of Bahrain". Constitutionnet.org. Retrieved 16 July 2026.
  22. 1 2 "Bahrain Independent Commission of Inquiry" (PDF). Bahrain Independent Commission of Inquiry. 23 November 2011. Retrieved 23 November 2011.
  23. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "Bahrain Country Report 2026". Bertelsmann Transformation Index. 2026. Retrieved 16 July 2026.
  24. 1 2 3 "Freedom in the World 1999". Refworld. Retrieved 16 July 2026.
  25. 1 2 3 King, Stephen Juan (1 May 2011). "The Constitutional Monarchy Option in Morocco and Bahrain". Middle East Institute. Retrieved 16 July 2026.
  26. 1 2 3 4 Louër, Laurence (20 August 2008). "Bahrain's Fragile Political Reforms". Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Retrieved 16 July 2026.
  27. ↑ "Bahrain: Promising human rights reform must continue". Amnesty International. 13 March 2001. Retrieved 9 February 2011.
  28. 1 2 "Flashpoint: Bahrain". International Crisis Group. 15 July 2026. Retrieved 18 July 2026.
  29. ↑ "Ministry of Interior". Retrieved 17 March 2013.
  30. ↑ "MoJ Ministers and Undersecretaries' Names". Archived from the original on 23 September 2012. Retrieved 17 March 2013.
  31. ↑ "MoF Welcome Message". Archived from the original on 23 July 2018. Retrieved 17 March 2013.
  32. ↑ "MoC Organisation Chart". Archived from the original on 29 March 2013. Retrieved 17 March 2013.
  33. ↑ "MoFA Organizational Structure". Archived from the original on 1 September 2022. Retrieved 17 March 2013.
  34. ↑ "BEDB Directors". Archived from the original on 21 April 2013. Retrieved 17 March 2013.
  35. ↑ "Supreme Council for Women". Archived from the original on 17 December 2013. Retrieved 17 March 2013.
  36. ↑ "International Religious Freedom Report for 2011" (PDF). U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 17 March 2013.
  37. ↑ Henderson, Simon (23 May 2017). "The Trump Effect in Bahrain". Washington Institute for Near East Policy. Retrieved 17 July 2026.
  38. ↑ "Bahrain: Freedom in the World 2025 Country Report". Freedom House. Retrieved 16 July 2026.
  39. 1 2 3 Ari, Lior Ben (30 April 2026). "Uniforms, hospital visits and diplomacy: Inside Bahrain king's wartime strategy". Ynetnews. Retrieved 17 July 2026.
  40. ↑ "Bahrain: Sweeping Arrests Amid Conflict". Human Rights Watch. 19 March 2026. Retrieved 16 July 2026.
  41. ↑ "King of Bahrain: Iran Must Cease Meddling In Our Internal Affairs". Asharq Al-Awsat. 1 May 2026. Retrieved 17 July 2026.
  42. ↑ "Bahrains king gifts 3000 every family". France 24. 11 February 2011. Archived from the original on 15 February 2011. Retrieved 28 November 2011.
  43. 1 2 Law, Bill (6 April 2011) "Police Brutality Turns Bahrain Into 'Island of Fear' Crossing Continents (via BBC News) Retrieved 15 April 2011
  44. 1 2 International Crisis Group (2011). "Popular Protest in North Africa and the Middle East (VIII): Bahrain's Rocky Road to Reform". Crisis Group Middle East/North Africa Report. 111: 9, 12. JSTOR resrep36845.
  45. ↑ Press release (30 March 2011) "USA Emphatic Support to Saudi Arabia" Zayd Alisa (via Scoop) Retrieved 15 April 2011
  46. ↑ Cockburn, Patrick (18 March 2011) "The Footage That Reveals the Brutal Truth About Bahrain's Crackdown – Seven Protest Leaders Arrested as Video Clip Highlights Regime's Ruthless Grip on Power" The Independent Retrieved 15 April 2011
  47. ↑ "Bahrain Mourners Call for End to Monarchy – Mood of Defiance Against Entire Ruling System After Brutal Attack on Pearl Roundabout Protest Camp That Left at Least Five Dead". The Guardian. London. 18 February 2011. Archived from the original on 18 February 2011. Retrieved 31 March 2011.
  48. ↑ Uri Friedman (28 October 2011). "America's Unsavory Allies". Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on 22 November 2011. Retrieved 28 November 2011.
  49. ↑ "Comparing the Areas of the Protest in ... Pearl Square, Bahrain; Tahrir Square, Egypt". The New York Times. 23 February 2011. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
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  52. ↑ "Two Killed in Bahrain Violence Despite Martial Law". BBC News. 15 March 2011. Archived from the original on 5 April 2011. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
  53. ↑ "Saudi Soldiers Sent into Bahrain". Al Jazeera. 15 March 2011. Archived from the original on 15 April 2011. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
  54. ↑ Andrew Malcolm (2 July 2011). "Jay Carney says vacationing Obama welcomes new democratic dialogue in Bahrain". Los Angeles Times.
  55. ↑ "Bahrain – Alistair Burt welcomes independent commission". Foreign & Commonwealth Office. 30 June 2001.
  56. ↑ Hillary Rodham Clinton (23 November 2011). "Release of the Bahrain Independent Commission of Inquiry (BICI) Report". U.S. Department of State. Archived from the original on 24 November 2011.
  57. ↑ Fahim, Kareem (22 November 2015). "Bahrain Abuses Continue Despite King's Pledge, Rights Group Says". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 24 November 2015. Retrieved 16 July 2026.
  58. ↑ "Urgent action: Bahraini activist sentenced to three years" Amnesty International 21 August 2012 Retrieved 22 August 2012
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  60. ↑ "Bahraini emir visits Qatar in solidarity". United Press International. 20 March 2001. Retrieved 15 July 2026.
  61. ↑ Salhani, Claude. "Analysis: Will Saddam blink?". United Press International. Retrieved 16 July 2026.
  62. ↑ "U.S. mulls next move in Iraq". United Press International. 3 March 2003. Retrieved 16 July 2026.
  63. ↑ "Deadline expired, Saddam didn't leave". United Press International. 19 March 2003. Retrieved 16 July 2026.
  64. ↑ "Bahrain rejects U.S. push to normalise relations with Israel". Al Jazeera. 26 August 2020. Retrieved 26 August 2020.
  65. ↑ "Bahrain establishing full diplomatic relations with Israel, Trump announces". The Times of Israel. 11 September 2020.
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  67. ↑ Chappell, Bill (15 September 2020). "Israel, Bahrain And UAE Sign Deals Formalizing Ties At White House". NPR. Retrieved 15 September 2020.
  68. 1 2 3 Ghuloom, Mahdi (16 July 2026). "Bahrain's Coexistence Diplomacy: Royal Vision Meets Fiscal Reality". Observer Research Foundation Middle East. Retrieved 16 July 2026.
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  71. ↑ "Hindu, Jain, Sikh, Muslim leaders invited to royal wedding". The Times of India. 26 April 2011.
  72. ↑ "Queen Elizabeth II's Funeral: Arab Royals Pay Their Respects Ahead of The Ceremony". Harper's Bazaar. 19 September 2022. Retrieved 24 October 2022.
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  75. ↑ "Syrian President al-Assad Invited to Arab League Summit by Bahrain's King". Syrian Observer. 27 March 2024. Retrieved 17 July 2026.
  76. ↑ "Secretary of War Pete Hegseth and Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Gen. Dan Caine Hold a Press Briefing". United States Department of Defense. 16 April 2026. Retrieved 16 July 2026.
  77. ↑ "Bahrain's king meets U.S. Central Command Adm. Brad Cooper in Manama". Bahrain News Agency and Reuters via Honolulu Star-Advertiser. 13 April 2026. Retrieved 16 April 2026.
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  80. ↑ "How many wives and Daughters does the crown prince of Bahrain have?".
  81. ↑ "Ο Πρόεδρος της Δημοκρατίας έτυχε επίσημης υποδοχής από το Βασιλιά του Μπαχρέιν". Γραφείο Τύπου και Πληροφοριών. 9 March 2015. Archived from the original on 16 July 2019. Retrieved 16 July 2019.
  82. ↑ Bahraini King holds talks with Sultan of Oman
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  85. ↑ "Photo". Archived from the original on 2 December 2012. Retrieved 8 April 2016.
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  89. ↑ "Bahrain to Bolster ties with Brunei". newsofbahrain.com. 4 May 2017. Retrieved 14 July 2021.
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  93. ↑ Cameron Walker [@CameronDLWalker] (13 November 2024). "King Charles has personally appointed The King of Jordan and The King of Bahrain to be Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order in the year of their Silver Jubilees" (Tweet) – via X (formerly Twitter).
  94. ↑ Exiles ask King Charles to rescind honour awarded to king of Bahrain
  95. ↑ "M King awarded Legion of Merit, Degree Chief Commander, by US President". Bahrain News Agency. 19 January 2021. Retrieved 4 March 2024.
  96. ↑ "Moscow University Awards HM King Hamad Honorary Doctorate". newsofbahrain.com. 3 July 2021. Retrieved 13 July 2021.

Notes

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  1. ↑ Bahrain was under the Persian Gulf Residency as a British protectorate state at the time of Hamad's birth.
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