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// Workers AI · dad joke modeWhat did Flock Safety say to the bird? "You're under surveillance.

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Flock camera)

Flock Group Inc.
TypePrivate
IndustryTechnology
Surveillance
Founded2017 (9 years ago) (2017)
FoundersGarrett Langley
Matt Feury
Paige Todd
Headquarters3284 Northside Parkway NW, Atlanta, Georgia[1][2],
US
Area served
United States
Key people
Garrett Langley (CEO)
ProductsAutomated license plate readers
CCTV cameras
Gunfire detection systems
Software
Revenue$300 million[3]
Number of employees
1,500 (2025)[4]
Websiteflocksafety.com

Flock Group Inc., doing business as Flock Safety,[5] is a privately held American manufacturer and operator of security hardware and software, particularly automated license plate recognition (ALPR), mass video surveillance, gunfire locator systems, and supporting software to integrate the data gathered by these technologies. Founded in 2017, Flock operates such systems under contract with law enforcement agencies, neighborhood associations, and private property owners. As of 2025, Flock says that it operates in over 5,000 communities across 49 US states, and performs over 20 billion scans of vehicles in the US every month.[6][7][8] Flock Safety's network consists of cameras, image recognition, and machine learning, which share data with police departments.

In 2026, Flock Safety relocated its headquarters to The Medici, an office building on Northside Parkway in the Westside neighborhood of Atlanta, Georgia, more than doubling its office space after outgrowing its previous 14,000-square-foot headquarters in the Westside Provisions District on Howell Mill Road.[1]

Flock markets their services to law enforcement, homeowner associations and similar community organizations as tools for crime prevention and investigations. Flock has been described by critics as an example of mass surveillance, and their efficacy and effects on privacy and other civil liberties are the subject of public scrutiny, debate, and litigation.[9]

Corporate history

[edit]

Flock was founded in 2017.[5][10][11] It was co-founded by three Georgia Tech alumni: Garrett Langley, Paige Todd, and Matt Feury.[12][13] It began as a side project in which the three co-founders built their first video surveillance cameras by hand around Langley's dining room table.[12] When a DeKalb County detective told Langley that his camera product had helped with solving a home break-in, Langley called the two other co-founders and told them to quit their jobs.[12]

By 2024, Flock's fixed cameras had been installed in over 4,000 cities across 42 states.[14][15][16] By April of that year, Flock employed over 900 people.[13]

In June 2024, a judge in the Norfolk, Virginia, Circuit Court ruled that collecting location data from the city's 172 Flock ALPRs constitutes a search under the Fourth Amendment and cannot be used as evidence in a criminal case when collected without a warrant. The ruling likened ALPR location databases to tracking devices, whose use by police was previously found unconstitutional without a warrant in United States v. Jones.[17] Following this ruling, the company began to receive additional pushback from communities concerned about the legality of their operation.[18][19][20] That October, Flock acquired Aerodome, a manufacturer of drones for law enforcement, and announced plans to introduce its own line of drones.[21]

As of 2025, Flock is used by over 6,000 municipalities in the United States.[22] The company had raised a total $950 million in venture funding, with a $7.5 billion valuation.[23][24] Much of Flock's initial investment came from private venture capital funds associated with Peter Thiel, which has drawn criticism contrasted with Thiel's perceived anti-democratic views and support for surveillance technologies.[25][26][27][28] Some cities have stopped working with Flock over the use of its data in immigration enforcement and for community privacy concerns, while others did so due to the company acting without the consent of the city.[29]

In October 2025, Flock Safety announced a partnership with Amazon's Ring security products, where residents with Ring cameras would have the option to share video data to public safety agencies in legal investigations.[30][31] The plan came under scrutiny after Amazon ran an ad during Super Bowl LX that depicted the Ring's "Search Party" function for finding missing or lost pets, enhanced with AI surveillance. A joint decision was made to cancel the planned integration.[32][33]

Products

[edit]
Per Flock's website, its cameras are able to track individual people, not just cars.
Multiple individuals tracked by one camera
Typical Flock ALPR, mounted to a pole
Flock camera located on a hiking trail

Cameras

[edit]

According to The Center for Human Rights and Privacy, Flock's products, the Falcon and Sparrow, are cameras that monitor traffic and photograph the rear of all passing vehicles. Their software uses computer vision to read the vehicles' license plates and identify other distinguishing visual characteristics, sending that information to a central server via cellular network.[34] Flock's servers then log the identifying data, with the time and location of the scan, in a searchable database and compare all results with the National Crime Information Center, as well as state and local police watchlists of cars that are reported stolen or otherwise of interest to the police, instantly alerting nearby officers upon a match.[35][36]

Automatic license plate readers (ALPRs) like Flock's differ from traffic enforcement cameras in that they are for surveillance and criminal investigations and do not perform any enforcement of traffic laws.[37][38][39] According to Jill Walker Rettberg, the cameras are designed to not be noticed in an urban environment.[40] In late 2026, Flock cameras began being installed hidden inside the backs of speed readers to avoid vandalism.[41][42]

Flock said that its system's ability to identify vehicles' visual features, which it calls "vehicle fingerprint technology", is unique among ALPR systems; they state that the system can identify vehicles' make, model, and color, as well as other distinguishing attributes such as mismatching colors, bumper stickers, dents, and temporary license plates, allowing investigators to search for recorded vehicles based on these characteristics.[16][43][44] Flock said that its ALPRs can capture images of vehicles traveling at up to 100 miles per hour (160 km/h) at distances of up to 75 feet (23 m), regardless of lighting.[37]

Flock says its ALPRs "focus on vehicles, not people", and are intended to help police identify vehicle details, not personal information.[45] Flock's Condor line of cameras track moving objects in a scene, including people,[46] and Flock advertises its ability to "identify people and vehicles".[47] Flock additionally provides a tool called FreeForm, which allows police to search for anything in a scene with natural language. Public records requests showed that police were searching for characteristics of individuals, including by race, gender, clothing, height, tattoos, and perceived political affiliation.[48]

Most Flock devices are powered by solar panels and rechargeable batteries,[40] allowing them to operate in locations without access to utility power.[49] Many are mounted on manufacturer-supplied poles, while others are affixed to existing lampposts or telephone poles.[49][50] Flock also offers mobile trailers, which contain two PTZ cameras, one panoramic video camera, and deterrent devices such as flashing lights and a speaker.[51]

Flock's primary competitor in the ALPR market is Motorola Solutions.[35][52]

Flock offers software which integrates its ALPR and vehicle identification software into existing video camera systems, including IP cameras[53][54][55] and Axon dashcams widely used in police vehicles.[56][57] Jill Walker Rettberg stated Flock's network can be integrated into predictive policing platforms like Palantir.[40]

Person lookup tool

[edit]

In May 2025, Flock was developing a new product called Nova that the company referred as a "public safety data platform", which would supplement ALPR data with information from data breaches, public records, and commercially available data in order to track specific individuals without a warrant. As of May 2025, Nova was already in use by law enforcement in an early access program.[58] The Electronic Frontier Foundation described Flock Nova as a "dystopian panopticon".[59] After 404 Media reporting, the company decided not to include information from data breaches in Nova.[60]

Gunshot detector

[edit]

Launched in 2021, the Flock Raven is an audio gunfire locator, similar in function to ShotSpotter.[61] The Raven records audio in 5-second increments, using artificial intelligence to analyze the sound clips for audible gunfire. When a gunshot is detected, the device estimates its location and alerts police.[62] Like the ALPRs, they can be mounted on manufacturer-supplied poles and powered by solar panels.[63] The company claims at least 1200 gunshots have been detected by their system, with false positive and false negative rates below 1%.[64]

In October 2025, Flock announced that their Raven devices would begin listening for "human distress", with advertisements showing police being alerted when the device picks up on screaming.[65]

Drone

[edit]

Flock produces a drone marketed as a "Drone as First Responder" system. It has one hardware variant named "Alpha". Drones can be stored in remotely-located "docks", then deployed to a given location with a remote trigger, including manual direction to GPS coordinates, or automated deployment to the location of license plate reader or gunshot detection alerts. The drones have both regular, thermal, and night-vision cameras, and can fly up to 60 miles per hour (97 km/h).[66] The drones are equipped with license plate reader technology[67] and can see plates from up to 2,000 feet (610 m) away.[68][69][66]

The drones are marketed as a reactive rather than proactive solution, and they are intended to only leave their dock when deployed by a human or automated alert.[70] The drones have been criticized for mass surveillance risks[71][70][67] and militarization, as well as for collecting a more expansive set of data than traditional fixed-location cameras.[69][72]

Pan–tilt–zoom cameras

[edit]

Flock produces their "Condor" cameras, which are pan–tilt–zoom (PTZ) cameras primarily marketed as a method to avoid blind spots from fixed-angle cameras while having a wider scope than just ALPR functionalities.[73] Condor cameras can automatically zoom in on cars, people, faces, phone screens, and other objects nearby.[74] According to marketing material on Flock's website, they can also be controlled manually.[74]

Business model

[edit]

Flock owns and operates all of its devices,[75] leasing them to various categories of customers.[10][76][77] Competitors primarily market their products to law enforcement agencies, but Flock also markets its products to community organizations and private entities.[40] Some customers share data from their systems with police agencies.[78][79]

Marketing materials center on efforts to reduce crime, and the company uses bird-themed product names.[40] Until 2026, the sales team conducted surveillance demos in Georgia using a real youth gymnastics center, playgrounds, schools, and a pool.[80]

Flock has developed relationships with several mayors.[81][failed verification][82] After the Denver city council voted to end the city's relationship with the company, the mayor negotiated a free six-month extension of the contract, for which no approval was required.[81]

Efficacy

[edit]

Some law enforcement agencies have said that the technology is "[h]elpful at generating investigative leads and solving crimes that may have otherwise gone unsolved", with some additionally claiming a deterrent effect.[37]

In 2024, Cyrus Farivar, writing for Forbes, questioned a statistic crediting Flock Safety's technology with an 80% reduction in residential burglaries in San Marino, California, in early 2021 compared to the same period in 2020. Farivar asserted that burglaries actually slightly increased, and that serious crimes remained nearly unchanged.[83] Farivar also questioned similar claims from Flock regarding Fort Worth, Dayton, and Lexington.[83]

A 2021 study of Flock's Falcon camera by "surveillance research firm IPVM ... found a 10% error rate in the camera output". Flock then halted sales to IPVM and disputed the accuracy of IPVM's findings.[84] Inaccuracies in Flock's cameras have resulted in wrongful arrests in several cities.[84][85]

In 2025, a series of vulnerabilities in Flock cameras was identified, including hardcoded credentials[86][87] and connection details, cleartext storage of code,[88] and an enabled debug interface.[89] Flock stated these vulnerabilities would require physical access to the device to exploit.[90] Later in 2025, a separate cybersecurity flaw was found by researchers, which allowed anyone to access live camera feeds and other data from the Flock Condor line through publicly exposed live streams and administrator control panels. Flock stated the issue involved a limited number of devices caused by a misconfiguration and said it had been remedied.[74]

In 2026, Business Insider reported that a driver in Roseville, California had been repeatedly stopped by police due to Flock misidentifying a character on his license plate. An analysis by the local police department stated that 71% of the 1,427 stolen or used-in-felony vehicle alerts sent to them by Flock in 2023 and 2024 were incorrectly identified plates, and Flock had also repeatedly not identified passing vehicles that were used in crimes. Flock stated that Roseville had a "particularly unique deployment" of cameras that were set up to only capture the rear of passing vehicles to avoid capturing people's faces, and that they were using older hardware and cameras placed higher up than Flock usually recommends. Flock refused to comment on if it independently tests its cameras' accuracy.[91]

Controversies

[edit]

Flock's products have generated bipartisan controversy and backlash.[92] Flock cameras have been stolen, vandalized and purposefully obstructed.[93][94][95][96]

An activist created a crowdsourced searchable online map of the United States showing locations of Flock cameras called Deflock. The project is headed by Will Freeman, a Colorado-based organizer.[97] Flock sent a cease and desist letter to the project.[98]

On their website, Deflock lists dozens of jurisdictions that have ended contracts with Flock or deactivated their cameras.[99][100] When the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) announced it would not renew its contract with Flock Safety, set to expire in June 2026, the department explicitly cited civil liberties and privacy concerns[101] and public backlash.[102] The LAPD's chief information officer stated they wanted more contractual terms and protections, and that a new contract was being drafted. Flock said they believed the LAPD's decision was based on "misconceptions" and hoped to resume service soon.[103]

Privacy concerns

[edit]

Privacy concerns have been raised with respect to ALPRs generally, including Flock's systems.[27][104][105][9][106] Additionally, Flock's surveillance model has spurred debate.[107][108][109][105] Flock's surveillance technology is often criticized for its broadening of public surveillance and effect on civil liberties, as described by privacy experts and organizations like the Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) and the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU). The EFF argues that ALPRs create more problems than they solve.[110]

In March 2022, the ACLU released a report criticizing Flock Safety's business model and products.[111] In 2023, the ACLU acknowledged some uses of ALPRs could be acceptable, but emphasized the need for careful controls:[35]

In an interview, CEO Garrett Langley said he believed there were two types of activists raising concerns about Flock, praising ACLU and EFF for their methods and approaches, but comparing the Deflock project to terrorists and Antifa;[112] he later apologized for these comments and called them a mistake.[113][114]

There's no reason the technology should be used to create comprehensive records of everybody's comings and goings—and that is precisely what ALPR databases like Flock's are doing. In our country, the government should not be tracking us unless it has individualized suspicion that we're engaged in wrongdoing.

In October 2024, the Institute for Justice filed a federal lawsuit against the Norfolk Police Department on behalf of two local residents, asserting that the department's use of Flock ALPRs constitutes illegal surveillance in violation of the Fourth Amendment.[19][115][116] In California, state law prohibits sharing license plate reader data with federal agencies, but in 2025 it was reported that several state and municipal law enforcement agencies nonetheless did so.[117]

In December 2025, 404 Media reported that Flock left at least 60 of its Condor cameras "around the country exposed to the open internet, where anyone could watch them, download 30 days worth of video archive, and change settings, see log files, and run diagnostics".[74]

In April 2026, 404 Media reported that Flock Safety representatives had conducted product demos using video from a Jewish Community Center in Dunwoody, Georgia that included feeds of a children’s gymnastics room, a playground, a school, and a pool.[118][119] At the time, Flock Safety's own FAQ stated plainly: "Nobody from Flock Safety is accessing or monitoring your footage."[120] In response, Flock CEO Garrett Langley formally apologized to the MJCCA, acknowledging "poor judgment," and the company promised increased transparency and updated privacy guardrails.[121] The company stated: "Claims of inappropriate conduct by our employees are false."[122]

Misuse by law enforcement

[edit]

A law enforcement officer is alleged to have searched Flock products on behalf of a suspect in an ongoing drug investigation.[123]

In 2026, a review of media reports since 2024 by the Institute for Justice revealed 28 cases of law enforcement officers from across the United States abusing Flock and other ALPR systems to stalk former romantic partners.[124] Some of these cases were discovered by private citizens and journalists through noticing patterns of abuse in public records from police departments, raising concerns about underreporting and lack of oversight by authorities.[125] Incidents include:

False arrests & detentions

[edit]

Innocent people have been pulled over, detained at gunpoint, or jailed as a result of mistakes in Flock systems:[147]

  • A Plymouth, Minnesota, car blogger and his wife were detained by police in a parking lot because Flock misread his dealer plate.[148][149]
  • A Cherry Hills Village, Colorado, driver was wrongly detained repeatedly after officers mistakenly put his license plate number on a Flock hotlist.[150]
  • A Sherwood, Arkansas, couple was pulled over and ordered from their car at gunpoint after a Flock camera misread a digit on their plate.[151]
  • A 23-year old Volusia County, Florida, woman is suing the Florida Highway Patrol after she was wrongfully arrested and detained for 13 days, including several spent in solitary confinement.[152][153] A Flock Safety ALPR misidentified her vehicle's color and misread her tag, wrongly flagging her as a suspect in a hit and run which killed three people. According to her attorney, photo evidence shows her vehicle without damage, contradicting the arrest report citing damage on her vehicle consistent with the accident.[154] A different motorist who had been driving the same model vehicle in a different color was later arrested and charged.[155]
  • A San Diego man was wrongly jailed for nearly a month after Flock mistook his plate for one that was at the scene of an attempted carjacking.[156]
  • A York County, South Carolina, motorist was detained at gunpoint after Flock misread a character on his license plate, flagging the car as stolen.[157]
  • Two Morristown, Tennessee, grandparents were detained at gunpoint while their three-year-old granddaughter watched from the car after a Flock camera misread an "O" on their plate as a "0".[158]
  • Toledo, Ohio, police detained an innocent driver at gunpoint, sicced their dog on him, and jailed him for several hours after a Flock camera misread a "7" on their plate as a "2".[158]
  • Sedgwick County, Kansas, sheriff's deputies detained an innocent couple at gunpoint because a Flock camera failed to distinguish between temporary and permanent license plates with the same number[159]
  • In two separate incidents, three Española, New Mexico, high school students were detained at gunpoint after a Flock camera misread their plates.[160]
  • A man from Jackson Township, Stark County, Ohio is suing Flock Safety after he was pulled over and detained because officers failed to remove a license plate from a "hot list".[161]

Use by ICE

[edit]

In 2025, it was reported that Flock data had been queried for use in immigration enforcement.[162] A pilot program of investigation with Customs and Border Protection and Homeland Security Investigations was initiated to help combat human trafficking and fentanyl distribution. Flock halted the program in August because of "confusion and concerns" about the purpose of the investigations.[163] Local governments shared the data by either blindly approving the inquiries or unknowingly signing onto the national sharing option.[29] Langley falsely stated that Flock did not have federal contracts.[84][164][165]

[edit]

In November 2025, the City of Verona voted to not renew its contract with Flock, which would then expire in April and July, 2026.[166] Months after voting to not extend the contract, but prior to the expiry date of the original contracts, Verona mayor Luke Diaz stated they had requested that Flock remove the cameras multiple times since the vote, with Flock not removing the cameras.[167] Flock later reached out to the city with a sales team, trying to sell a new contract.[168] Flock objected to the city removing the cameras themselves when asked in early January, after which the city covered the cameras with trash bags. The cameras were later removed by Flock on February 4th, just under 3 months after the initial vote. Flock stated that the cameras could be remotely deactivated at any time, and that they were not operating during the time they remained up.[168] Flock stated that they have a "standard offboarding process" for camera removal, and that "mid-term contract cancellations follow a separate process".[169]

Officials in the town of Littleton, Massachusetts, also alleged five Flock Safety cameras there were switched back on by the company without informing the town after the town temporarily disabled the cameras.[170]

In late June 2026, ABC affiliate WEWS-TV in Cleveland reported that after a Flock contract with the city of Cleveland expired following a 3–1 vote against renewing Flock's contract with the city, the cameras remained on and were still being used by local police. Cleveland Police sergeant Freddy Diaz stated that the cameras would remain operational "at minimum" until July 15th when another meeting with the city council would take place to allow for a secondary review of the contract with Flock. Local activists called the situation "incredibly disappointing", and called the police department's support for the technology "not compelling".[171][172]

In June 2026, WSLS-TV reported that a Flock device was installed on a Roanoke homeowner's yard without prior notice, and was identified as a Flock Raven device upon inspection by a police officer called to the scene by the homeowner. The Roanoke City Council had voted in April to approve 75 installations[173] of Flock Raven devices, but her address was not on the approved list, and none of the installations were scheduled to take place until July.[174][175] The gunshot detector was later removed from her property, and the city later determined that 30 of the 41 devices installed up to that point were placed in unapproved locations.[176]

Use to investigate woman seeking abortion services

[edit]

In at least one state, law enforcement officers queried Flock products in an abortion investigation.[177][178][179] According to a sworn affidavit by a detective in Johnson County, Texas, deputies initiated a "death investigation" of a "non-viable fetus", logged evidence of a woman’s self-managed abortion in response to a report from her alleged romantic partner, and consulted prosecutors about possibly charging her. The death investigation remained open for weeks, with detectives interviewing the woman and reviewing her text messages about the abortion.[179] Johnson County's query included 83,000 Flock cameras nationwide, including cameras in states like Washington and Illinois where abortion is legal and collecting such data is explicitly prohibited by law.[178] Johnson County sheriff Adam King denied that the investigation was related to an abortion, and Flock Safety falsely characterized it as a missing person investigation in a statement on their website, directly contradicting the sworn affidavit.[177][178][179][180]

Other false and misleading statements

[edit]

The city council of Oshkosh, Wisconsin, voted to rescind its contract with Flock after finding its representatives had made "false statements" to the council about its products.[181]

A senior Flock publicist falsely claimed in a LinkedIn post that Flock had partnered with the ACLU of New Mexico. A Flock representative also falsely claimed that "Flock has worked with groups like the ACLU to design an ALPR system that takes considerations they have into account" before a meeting of the Urbana, Illinois city council.[182] "Neither the ACLU nor any of our affiliates have ever partnered with Flock Safety or worked with them to design any ALPR system", the ACLU reported.[182]

References

[edit]
  1. 1 2 Vasquez, Stephen (January 30, 2026). "Flock Safety Doubling Office, Moving HQ To The Medici". Bisnow. Archived from the original on July 29, 2026. Retrieved July 16, 2026.
  2. ↑ "ACG Atlanta Names Flock Safety One of Georgia's Top 40 Fastest-growing Companies". www.flocksafety.com. June 28, 2023. Archived from the original on February 26, 2026. Retrieved February 26, 2026. Flock Safety is proud to announce we have been named one of Georgia's top 40 fastest-growing companies by the Atlanta Chapter of the Association for Corporate Growth® (ACG)...Companies on the list are for profit and headquartered in Georgia.
  3. ↑ Hu, Krystal (March 13, 2025). "US startup Flock Safety raises $275 million to fund manufacturing plant, R&D". Reuters.
  4. ↑ Chapman, Lizette (August 7, 2025). "Controversial Surveillance Startup Flock Adds AI to Police Tech". Bloomberg News.
  5. 1 2 Gupta, Arun; George, Gerard; Fewer, Thomas (January 9, 2024). "Venture Meets Mission: Aligning People, Purpose, and Profit to Innovate and Transform Society". Stanford University Press. pp. 132–33. Archived from the original on July 29, 2026 – via Google Books.
  6. ↑ "News conference: Federal lawsuit filed against use of Flock cameras in Norfolk". WAVY-TV (Video). Archived from the original on January 26, 2025. Retrieved October 23, 2024 – via Facebook.
  7. ↑ "Flock Safety Expands Into Drones for Law Enforcement with Acquisition of Aerodome". Flock Safety. October 16, 2024. Archived from the original on July 26, 2026. Retrieved October 23, 2024 – via GlobeNewswire.
  8. ↑ "National LPR Network". Flock Safety. Archived from the original on July 29, 2026. Retrieved July 12, 2025.
  9. 1 2 "'Possibility of misuse a real one': ACLU shares privacy concerns for police Flock Safety cameras". WUWM 89.7 FM - Milwaukee's NPR. September 8, 2023. Archived from the original on December 8, 2023. Retrieved December 8, 2023.
  10. 1 2 Polcyn, Bryan (August 2, 2023). "Wisconsin AI-powered Flock cameras are tracking where you drive". FOX6 News Milwaukee. Archived from the original on May 15, 2024. Retrieved May 15, 2024.
  11. ↑ Flock Safety. "Media Kit: Our Founding Story". Flock Safety. Retrieved April 8, 2022.[dead link]
  12. 1 2 3 Edmonson, Crystal (August 22, 2023). "Flock Safety cameras help police amid worker shortage, CEO Garrett Langley says (Podcast)". Atlanta Business Chronicle. Archived from the original on May 2, 2024. Retrieved July 9, 2024. Despite the article title, the linked source is an actual article and not a mere transcript of a podcast.
  13. 1 2 Southerland, Randy (April 26, 2024). "Flock Safety employment reaches 900; develops new products". Atlanta Business Chronicle.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
  14. ↑ Brownell, Bradley (February 27, 2024). "License Plate Surveillance Startup Broke The Law While Trying To Reduce Crime". Jalopnik. Archived from the original on July 29, 2026. Retrieved February 27, 2024.
  15. ↑ Cheng, Isabella (February 16, 2022). "Flock Raises Another $150 Million, Valuation Now At $3.5 Billion". IPVM. Retrieved April 8, 2022.
  16. 1 2 "Investing in Flock Safety". Andreessen Horowitz. Retrieved December 11, 2023.
  17. ↑ "Norfolk judge rejects police Flock camera evidence without warrant". The Virginian-Pilot. June 15, 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
  18. ↑ Service, Tribune News (September 27, 2024). "Department of Public Safety Puts Flock Safety on Notice". Industry Insider Texas.
  19. 1 2 Daniel, Lars. "Privacy Violated, Warrantless Surveillance Alleges Flock Safety Camera Lawsuit". Forbes. Archived from the original on October 22, 2024. Retrieved October 23, 2024.
  20. ↑ Mir, Rory (June 6, 2025). "Victory! Austin Organizers Cancel City's Flock ALPR Contract". Electronic Frontier Foundation.
  21. ↑ "Flock Safety acquires Aerodome to expand into drone-based law enforcement solutions". Police1. October 16, 2024. Archived from the original on November 3, 2024. Retrieved October 23, 2024.
  22. ↑ Duffy, Clare (December 19, 2025). "The tech firm that helped police find the Brown shooting suspect has sparked privacy concerns. Its CEO responds". CNN. Retrieved February 22, 2025.
  23. ↑ Bort, Julie (March 13, 2025). "Y Combinator's police surveillance darling Flock Safety raises $275M at $7.5B valuation". TechCrunch. Retrieved February 24, 2026.
  24. ↑ Brewster, Thomas (September 3, 2025). "AI Startup Flock Thinks It Can Eliminate All Crime In America". Forbes.
  25. ↑ Free, Andrew (June 1, 2025). "Flock Safety: AI- powered surveillance capturing license plate data". Atlanta Community Press Collective. Retrieved July 28, 2026.
  26. ↑ "Oakland rejects $2 million contract with surveillance company over concerns of ICE spying". The Mercury News. November 19, 2025. Retrieved July 28, 2026.
  27. 1 2 Joh, Elizabeth (September 24, 2019). "The Rise of Networked Vigilante Surveillance". Slate. ISSN 1091-2339. Archived from the original on December 8, 2023. Retrieved December 8, 2023.
  28. ↑ Firstenberg, Ian (May 13, 2026). "Flock keeps spying on us all, and state and local officials aren't protecting us". 48 hills. Retrieved July 28, 2026.
  29. 1 2 Wardwell, Faith (December 1, 2025). "Liberal towns backtrack on license plate trackers amid concerns about privacy — and Trump". POLITICO.
  30. ↑ "Ring's latest partnership allows police to request camera footage through Flock". Engadget. October 17, 2025. Archived from the original on October 21, 2025. Retrieved November 2, 2025.
  31. ↑ "Flock Safety and Ring Partner to Help Neighborhoods Work Together for Safer Communities". www.flocksafety.com. October 31, 2025.
  32. ↑ Palmer, Annie (February 13, 2026). "Amazon's Ring cancels Flock partnership amid Super Bowl ad backlash". CNBC.
  33. ↑ Walker, Mark (February 14, 2026). "Ring Ends Deal to Link Neighborhood Cameras After Super Bowl Ad Backlash". The New York Times.
  34. ↑ Katz-Lecabe, Mike (April 1, 2022). "Dissection of Flock Safety Camera". The Center for Human Rights and Privacy. Archived from the original on May 15, 2024.
  35. 1 2 3 Marlow, Chad; Stanley, Jay (February 13, 2023). "How to Pump the Brakes on Your Police Department's Use of Flock's Mass Surveillance License Plate Readers". American Civil Liberties Union. Archived from the original on May 14, 2024. Retrieved May 15, 2024.
  36. ↑ Bunch, Edward III (July 26, 2023). "A new kind of surveillance camera is coming to some Florida neighborhoods. What we know". Pensacola News Journal. Archived from the original on May 15, 2024. Retrieved May 15, 2024.
  37. 1 2 3 "Got Your Number: City law enforcement begins testing license plate cameras". The Columbus Republic. January 23, 2022. pp. A1. Archived from the original on April 7, 2025. Retrieved March 9, 2025 – via newspapers.com. "Continued on A4". Archived from the original on April 7, 2025. Retrieved March 9, 2025.
  38. ↑ "Innovative license plate reader technology now in use on CU Boulder campus". CU Boulder Today. July 17, 2023. Archived from the original on May 15, 2024.
  39. ↑ "License Plate Readers". City of Lexington, Kentucky. Archived from the original on May 15, 2024.
  40. 1 2 3 4 5 Rettberg, Jill Walker (September 11, 2023). Machine Vision: How Algorithms are Changing the Way We See the World. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 45–46 – via Google Books.
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