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// Workers AI · dad joke modeWhy did the tunnel go to therapy? It was feeling bridged.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Fixed crossing)

A fixed link or fixed crossing is a permanent, unbroken road or rail connection across water that uses some combination of bridges, tunnels, and causeways and does not involve intermittent connections such as drawbridges or ferries.[1] A bridge–tunnel combination is commonly used for major fixed links.

This is a list of proposed and actual transport links between continents and to offshore islands. See also list of bridge–tunnels for another list of fixed links including links across rivers, bays and lakes.

History

[edit]

Cosmopolitan Railway

[edit]

In 1890 William Gilpin first proposed to connect all the continents by land via the Cosmopolitan Railway. Significant elements of that proposal, such as the English Channel Tunnel, have been constructed since that era. However, the improvement of the global shipping industry and advent of international air travel has reduced the demand for many intercontinental land connections.

Existing or under construction

[edit]
Name Crossing Termini Opened Notes
Channel Tunnel Strait of Dover Kent, England, United Kingdom Pas-de-Calais, Hauts-de-France, France 1994 A cross channel tunnel was first proposed in 1802 and construction actually started in 1881 before being abandoned. Roll-on/roll-off ferry services provided links across the channel for vehicles. A road tunnel was proposed in 1979, but not considered viable. Construction of the Channel Tunnel started in 1988 and the tunnel opened in 1994. Automobiles and lorries/transport trucks are loaded onto the Eurotunnel Shuttle's enclosed railway cars (similar to auto rack/motorail railway cars) for the trip through the tunnel. A service road tunnel runs the entire length of the crossing, but is closed to general use and used only during emergencies and for maintenance. Cyclists – both amateur and professional – have crossed the channel via the tunnel on special occasions.[2]
Crimean Bridge Kerch Strait Crimea Krasnodar Krai, Russia 2018 The bridge complex provides for both vehicular traffic and for rail. During the Russian invasion of Ukraine, the bridge has been attacked or damaged on three occasions: 8 October 2022, 17 July 2023 and 12 August 2023.[3] As of August 2023, the bridge reopened at a limited capacity.[4]
Øresund Bridge Øresund Tårnby, Denmark Malmö, Sweden 1999
Great Belt Bridge Great Belt Slagelse, Denmark Nyborg, Denmark 1998
Fehmarn Belt fixed link Fehmarn Belt Lolland, Denmark Fehmarn, Germany 2031
Bosphorus Bridge Bosporus Istanbul, Turkey 1973
Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge 1988
Marmaray Tunnel 2013
Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge 2016
Eurasia Tunnel 2016
1915 Çanakkale Bridge Dardanelles Gelibolu District, Çanakkale Province, Turkey Lapseki District, Çanakkale Province, Turkey 2022
Suez Canal Bridge Suez Canal Ismailia Governorate, Egypt 2001
Johor–Singapore Causeway Straits of Johor Johor, Malaysia Singapore 1924
Malaysia–Singapore Second Link 1998
Busan–Geoje Bridge Busan, South Korea Geoje, South Gyeongsang Province, South Korea 2010
Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macau Bridge Pearl River Delta Hong Kong Zhuhai, Guangdong, China / Macau 2018
King Fahd Causeway Gulf of Bahrain Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia Northern Governorate, Bahrain 1986
Seikan Tunnel Tsugaru Strait Aomori Prefecture, Japan Hokkaido, Japan 1988
Confederation Bridge Northumberland Strait Strait Shores, New Brunswick, Canada Borden-Carleton, Prince Edward Island, Canada 1997
Chesapeake Bay Bridge–Tunnel Chesapeake Bay Virginia Beach, Virginia, United States Northampton County, Virginia, United States 1964
Chacao Channel bridge Chacao Channel Ancud, Chile Calbuco, Chile 2028

Proposed

[edit]
This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by editing the page to add missing items, with references to reliable sources.
Crossing Termini Notes
English Channel England, United Kingdom France There have been proposals at various times for a second channel tunnel of some kind.[5]
Jersey Manche, Normandy, France In July 2009, the States of Jersey were considering the feasibility of building a 14-mile (23 km) tunnel between Jersey (a British Crown dependency) and France.[6][7][8] There was a revival of the idea in 2018[9] and 2021.[10] It was reported in the local media that a link between Jersey and the neighbouring island of Guernsey would cost £2.6 billion.[11]
St George's Channel Pembrokeshire, Wales, United Kingdom County Wexford, Ireland Various ferry services link Ireland to Britain and France. A number of options for an Irish Sea fixed crossing have been proposed over the years, but none are currently under serious consideration.[citation needed] Additionally, there was a short-lived proposal for an underground roundabout beneath the Isle of Man, connecting tunnels to Ireland, Scotland, and two to England.[12] Another proposal was for an additional route from Scotland to the Isle of Man.[13]
Irish Sea Anglesey, Wales, United Kingdom County Dublin, Ireland
North Channel Rhins of Galloway, Scotland, United Kingdom County Down, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
Kintyre, Scotland, United Kingdom County Antrim, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
The Minch / Sea of the Hebrides Highland, Scotland, United Kingdom Outer Hebrides, Scotland, United Kingdom [14]
Baltic Sea Falster, Denmark Rostock, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany
Bornholm, Denmark Skåne County, Sweden
Kvarken Västerbotten County, Sweden Ostrobothnia, Finland
Gulf of Finland Uusimaa, Finland Harju County, Estonia
Suur Strait Muhu, Saare County, Estonia Lääneranna Parish, Pärnu County, Estonia Considered by the Estonian government between 2020 and 2023.[15]
Strait of Messina Messina, Sicily, Italy Reggio Calabria, Calabria, Italy
Piombino Channel [it] Elba, Tuscany, Italy Piombino, Tuscany, Italy There is a project to link Elba with the Italian mainland across the Piombino Channel with a 16-kilometre (9.9 mi) road tunnel.[16] The feasibility project was launched by the Cacelli Partners Ltd of Riccardo Cacelli, in collaboration with the Adu London studio of the architect David Ulivagnoli.[17][18]
Palau, Sardinia, Italy La Maddalena, Sardinia, Italy [19][20]
Strait of Bonifacio Sardinia, Italy Corsica, France The has been interest from Hyperloop One in using Hyperloop to connect Sardinia and Corsica.[21][22]
Adriatic Sea Marche, Italy Zadar County, Croatia The idea was presented by the Roman architect Giorgio De Romanis, and also called for the creation of a special company "Il ponte sull'Adriatico Srl". The bridge would be suspended above the sea at a height of 30–70 metres (98–230 ft), and would also allow the laying of pipes for water, oil and gas, as well as the accommodation of telecommunication cables.[23][24] The idea received the support of the ex-governor of the Marche, Gian Mario Spacca. Some sources considered the project as being more realistic than a bridge between Calabria and Sicily.[25]
Strait of Otranto Vlorë County, Albania Lecce, Apulia, Italy
Boknafjord Bokn Municipality, Norway Stavanger, Norway
Suðuroyarfjørður [Wikidata] Sandoy, Faroe Islands Suðuroy, Faroe Islands
Vestmannaeyjar, Iceland Rangárþing eystra, Iceland
Mellieħa, Malta Gozo, Malta
Strait of Gibraltar Cádiz, Andalusia, Spain Tangier-Tétouan-Al Hoceima, Morocco
Strait of Sicily Sicily, Italy Tunisia
Gulf of Aqaba South Sinai Governorate, Egypt Tabuk Province, Saudi Arabia

A causeway faces considerable political hurdles as the disruption of Israeli shipping access to the Red Sea was seen as a casus belli by Israel ahead of the Six-Day War. There is a car ferry between Safaga, Egypt and Duba, Saudi Arabia. The two uninhabited islands in the strait (Tiran island and Sanafir island), which might be used for a bridge, tunnel or causeway, were disputed between Egypt and Saudi Arabia until President Abdel Fatah al-Sisi of Egypt officially ceded them to Saudi Arabia in 2016/2017.[26][27] The potential construction of a fixed link was cited in some media reports as contributing to the cession.[28][29]

Bab-el-Mandeb Djibouti Yemen The Bridge of the Horns is a proposed construction project to build a bridge between the coasts of Djibouti and Yemen across the Bab-el-Mandeb, the strait between the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden.[30] There are no ferry services on this route as of 2018.
Red Sea Saudi Arabia Eritrea Saudi Arabia considers to develop a 440-kilometre (270 mi) tunnel across the Red Sea to link its industrial city of Jazan with Massawa's port in Eritrea. It had the support of Pakistan and the Chinese Belt and Road Initiative.[31][32]
Zanzibar Channel Unguja, Zanzibar, Tanzania Dar es Salaam / Pwani Region, Tanzania
Palk Strait Ramanathapuram district, Tamil Nadu, India Mannar District, Northern Province, Sri Lanka
Malacca Strait Johor, Malaysia Riau, Indonesia

The total length would be 39–40 kilometres (24–25 mi).[33][34]

Singapore Strait Singapore Riau Islands, Indonesia

[35]

Sunda Strait Lampung, Sumatra, Indonesia Banten, Java, Indonesia
Bali Strait Bali, Indonesia East Java, Java, Indonesia
Qiongzhou Strait Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China Hainan, China A road-rail bridge has been proposed.[36]
Bohai Strait Yantai, Shandong, China Dalian, Liaoning, China
Taiwan Strait Fujian, China Taiwan The Taiwan Strait Tunnel Project is a proposed undersea tunnel to connect Pingtan in the People's Republic of China to Hsinchu in northern Taiwan as part of the G3 Beijing–Taipei Expressway. First proposed in 1996,[37] the project has since been subject to a number of academic discussions and feasibility studies, including by the China Railway Engineering Corporation.[38] There exist cross strait ferries, both within outlying islands of Taiwan and between the PRC and Taiwan. The political status of Taiwan complicates any such proposal.
Yellow Sea South Korea Weihai, Shandong, China The Korean government considered building underwater tunnels with China, the proposed route would be between Incheon and Weihai, being considerate to build an intermediary artificial island in the route of 341 kilometers. Other Korean cities, like Ongjin, Hwaseong and Pyeongtaek, are considered to be part of the routes to China.[39] Also, is part of the Chinese comprehensive development plan for the Bohai area.[40]
Jeju Strait South Jeolla Province, South Korea Jeju Province, South Korea
Korea Strait Japan South Korea
La Pérouse Strait Hokkaido, Japan Sakhalin, Russia
Strait of Tartary / Nevelskoy Strait Sakhalin, Russia Khabarovsk Krai, Russia
Hōyo Strait Ōita, Ōita Prefecture, Japan Ikata, Ehime Prefecture, Japan Shikoku and Kyushu are the only adjacent major Japanese islands not directly connected by a fixed link. Road travel between the two is possible only via Honshu, a detour of up to 600 kilometres (370 mi).

Since 1995, the prefectures have been jointly conducting research into the technical feasibility of bridges over the strait and conducting basic research into natural and social conditions, and in 1998, in the "Hoyo Kaikyo Bridge Survey Report" it was concluded that the bridge would be technically feasible. The bridge proposed in the report uses a four-span suspension bridge with a central tower height of 376 metres (1,234 ft), central span length of 3,000 metres (9,800 ft), and bridge length of about 8,400 metres (27,600 ft) as the main bridge, connecting the Toyo Strait with two bridges, the extension would be about 12.7 kilometres (7.9 mi).[41] The total project cost is currently estimated to be about 1.3 trillion yen (US$12.1 billion).

The Hoyo Kaikyo Route Promotion Council conducted a survey comparing various crossing technologies (bridges, tunnels) and modes of transportation (automobiles, railways) in 1997, and "Transportation method comparison study report" was published. According to the report, in the case of bridges, road bridges are technically possible, but due to the long span, it is difficult to use them as railway bridges and combined bridges.[42]

Gulf of Bahrain Qatar Bahrain
Masirah Channel Mahout, Al Wusta Governorate, Oman Masirah Island, Ash Sharqiyah South Governorate, Oman [43]
Bering Strait Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, Russia Alaska, United States
Torres Strait Queensland, Australia Western Province, Papua New Guinea [44]
Cook Strait Wellington Region, New Zealand Marlborough District, New Zealand [45]
Bass Strait Victoria, Australia Tasmania, Australia In 2013, the Tasmanian government said that a tunnel "should not be discounted".[46][47]
Backstairs Passage Kangaroo Island, South Australia, Australia Cape Jervis, South Australia, Australia [48]
Strait of Georgia Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada Greater Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada [49]
Washington, United States
Strait of Belle Isle Newfoundland, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada Labrador, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
Straits of Florida Key West, Florida, United States Cuba [50][51]
Florida, United States Bahamas [52]
Ceiba, Puerto Rico Vieques, Puerto Rico [53]
Sangre Grande, Trinidad and Tobago Tobago, Trinidad and Tobago [54][55][56][57]
Gulf of Paria Trinidad, Trinidad and Tobago Venezuela [58]
Río de la Plata Argentina Uruguay [59][60][61][62]
Atlantic Ocean North America Europe

Persian Gulf and Arabian Sea

[edit]

Iran and Qatar (who will take most part of the project's financing) have plans for an underwater tunnel connecting the two countries, being planned to be the longest tunnel in the world (having 190 km).[63] It would link the Iranian port of Bandar-e Deyr to an unspecified location in Qatar across the Persian Gulf in both road and railway sections; however, a road tunnel is not considered very feasible due to the long distance. It had the support of Iran's Ports and Maritime Organisation managing director, Ali Akbar Safaei, and Iranian President Ebrahim Raisi, who expect the creation of a joint Qatar-Iran committee with the Emir of Qatar, Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani.[64][65][66][67][68] Also, it will create a straight and direct route between Saudi Arabia and Iran.[69]

Iran proposed to build an overpass bridge over the strait of Hormuz that will link Iran economically to GCC countries and Yemen through 39 km road link between Oman's Musandam exclave and southern Iran. The idea was having the support of Iranian Ambassador to Oman Ali Akbar Sibeveih.[70][71][72]

The Persian Gulf Bridge in Qeshm–Bandar Abbas (Iran) will be a 2.4 km (1.5 mi) long road-rail bridge, connecting Qeshm Island to mainland Iran, from the historic port of Laft to Pahal port in Bandar Abbas (Hormozgan Province). It was proposed to build an undersea tunnel instead of a bridge, but was rejected due to high costs.[73]

The Saudis were exploring two options to build a 400 km tunnel or bridge to link Gwadar (in Pakistan) with Muscat (in Oman) at the mouth of Strait of Hormuz at one end. The objective was to bypass its trade routes (including for oil supplies) with Iran and Qatar, because of the Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict, also to extend the Chinese Belt and Road Initiative.[31][32]

A 1,200 miles (1,900 km) tunnel, carrying Maglev trains, is planned to connect India’s biggest city Mumbai and emirate Fujairah (United Arab Emirates) through the Arabian Sea in a high-speed railway line to transport passengers, tourists and workers in just 2 hours. It had the support of Abdullah Alshehhi, chief consultant of Abu Dhabi National Advisory Office (a Masdar City-based consultancy), and the Gulf Cooperation Council.[74][75][76] It is considered the longest submarine tunnel project in the world and will have a depth of 15,000 feet below the surface of the Indian Ocean.[77][78]

Also, Karachi (Pakistan) and Muscat (Oman) are also included future plans of train stations, making provision for a road to be constructed within the tunnel for cars and trucks as well as a floating hotel, shopping centres and fuel stations, featuring pipelines for oil and water. Expansion of the project might include the One Belt One Road Initiative, linking China to Pakistan economic corridor at Gwadar Port with UAE, through the Fujairah port to complement the Chinese silk road.[79]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ↑ Ostenfeld, Klaus H.; Hommel, Dietrich; Olsen, Dan; Hauge, Lars (Nov 4, 1999). "Planning of Major Fixed Links". In Chen, Wai-Fah; Lian, Duan (eds.). Bridge Engineering Handbook. CRC Press. p. 4-1. ISBN 0-8493-7434-0.
  2. ↑ "Children in Need Rickshaw Challenge to travel through Kent". Kent Online. 2018-10-11. Archived from the original on 2023-03-17. Retrieved 2024-01-19.
  3. ↑ Boffey, Daniel (2023-08-12). "Ukraine fires missiles at Kerch Bridge connecting Crimea to Russia". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2024-01-19.
  4. ↑ "Crimean bridge operating in limited mode". Yahoo News. 2023-08-17. Archived from the original on 2023-08-20. Retrieved 2024-01-19.
  5. ↑ "BBC News".
  6. ↑ "Jersey-France tunnel plan talks". 14 July 2009. Archived from the original on 27 June 2022. Retrieved 24 June 2018 – via news.bbc.co.uk.
  7. ↑ "Bridge to France: Study next year?". jerseyeveningpost.com. 18 October 2008. Archived from the original on 23 July 2015. Retrieved 24 June 2018.
  8. ↑ "Un projet de tunnel pour relier Jersey à la Manche". 9 July 2009. Archived from the original on 12 December 2018. Retrieved 24 June 2018.
  9. ↑ "jersey-guernsey-france tunnel proposed". 17 July 2019. Archived from the original on 17 October 2021. Retrieved 17 May 2023.
  10. ↑ "renewed calls for channel island tunnel after faroe islands success". Archived from the original on 2021-01-28. Retrieved 2023-05-17.
  11. ↑ "tunnel-to-jersey-to-cost-26bn-and-take-decade". 24 January 2020. Archived from the original on 15 April 2023. Retrieved 17 May 2023.
  12. ↑ Moore, Catherine (2021-02-23). "Underground roundabout beneath Isle of Man proposed to link three Irish Sea tunnels". New Civil Engineer. Retrieved 2023-05-17.
  13. ↑ "Architect proposes IoM-Scotland road-link". Manx Radio. 26 January 2018. Archived from the original on 1 March 2020. Retrieved 17 May 2023.
  14. ↑ Dalton, Alastair (6 February 2026). "Tunnel to Western Isles: Vital to stem hemorrhaging population or 'hugely retrograde step'?". The Scotsman. Retrieved 13 July 2026.
  15. ↑ "Valitsus otsustas lõpetada Suure väina püsiühenduse eriplaneeringu" (in Estonian). Eesti Rahvusringhääling. 11 May 2023. Retrieved 12 July 2026.
  16. ↑ "Tuscany Tunnel – Strategy part of Cacelli Group Ltd". Archived from the original on 2023-05-19. Retrieved 2023-05-19.
  17. ↑ "Elba Tunnel, terminato il progetto di fattibilità". www.quinewselba.it (in Italian). Archived from the original on 2023-05-19. Retrieved 2023-05-19.
  18. ↑ MEDICI, ROBERTO (24 January 2019). "Un tunnel per collegare l'Elba al Piombino: ora c'è qualcosa di più di una semplice idea - Cronaca". La Nazione (in Italian). Archived from the original on 2023-05-19. Retrieved 2023-05-19.
  19. ↑ "Tunnel sottomarino tra La Maddalena e Palau: c'è il progetto, sui social è "battaglia"". Today (in Italian). Archived from the original on 2023-05-19. Retrieved 2023-05-19.
  20. ↑ "Un tunnel sottomarino tra la Maddalena e Palau. Sui social mobilitazione per il sì". la Repubblica (in Italian). 2017-05-25. Archived from the original on 2023-05-19. Retrieved 2023-05-19.
  21. ↑ "Hyperloop: un progetto per collegare Corsica e Sardegna con un treno a 1.200 km/h – Corsica Oggi" (in Italian). 2017-01-13. Archived from the original on 2023-05-19. Retrieved 2023-05-19.
  22. ↑ "Hyperloop One: c'è un progetto per collegare Corsica e Sardegna". DDay.it (in Italian). Archived from the original on 2023-05-19. Retrieved 2023-05-19.
  23. ↑ s.p.a, edilportale com. "Un ponte sull'Adriatico per collegare Italia e Croazia". Archiportale. Archived from the original on 2023-05-19. Retrieved 2023-05-19.
  24. ↑ "Un Ponte sull'Adriatico e la Nuova Via della Seta: una connessione possibile?". Centro Studi Eurasia e Mediterraneo (in Italian). 2016-12-22. Archived from the original on 2023-01-31. Retrieved 2023-05-19.
  25. ↑ www.altrogiornalemarche.it (2016-10-19). "Da Ancona a Zara il sogno del Ponte sull'Adriatico". AltrogiornaleMarche (in Italian). Archived from the original on 2023-05-19. Retrieved 2023-05-19.
  26. ↑ "Egypt's Sisi ratifies deal ceding Red Sea islands to Saudi Arabia". Reuters. 24 June 2017.
  27. ↑ "Egypt cedes two Red Sea islands to Saudi Arabia". 10 April 2016. Archived from the original on 25 November 2021. Retrieved 25 November 2021.
  28. ↑ Kholaif, Dahlia (14 June 2017). "Egypt Parliament Cedes Islands to Saudi Arabia Risking Backlash". Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 25 November 2021. Retrieved 25 November 2021.
  29. ↑ "Why Saudi Arabia decided to reclaim its islands from Egypt now". Archived from the original on 2021-11-25. Retrieved 2021-11-25.
  30. ↑ "Notice-to-Proceed Launches Ambitious Red Sea Crossing – ENR | McGraw-Hill Construction". Archived from the original on 2009-02-11. Retrieved 2007-10-02.
  31. 1 2 Admin. "Saudi Arabia considering linking Jazan with Massawa in Eritrea via 440 km tunnel across the Red Sea". Madote. Archived from the original on 2023-05-17. Retrieved 2023-05-17.
  32. 1 2 Network, Ann Asianews (2018-10-30). "$6bn bailout package is a big breather for Pakistan". Asia News Network. Archived from the original on 2023-05-17. Retrieved 2023-05-17.
  33. ↑ "Indonesia and Malaysia explore Johor-Riau undersea tunnel". 2014-03-02. Archived from the original on 2014-03-02. Retrieved 2023-05-21.
  34. ↑ "Johor-Riau link on the cards". The Star. 21 January 2014. Retrieved 2023-05-21.
  35. ↑ "Govt urged to consider Batam-Singapore bridge". The Jakarta Post. Archived from the original on 2023-05-21. Retrieved 2023-05-21.
  36. ↑ staff, Asia Times (2019-03-19). "Mega road-rail bridge planned to connect Hainan". Asia Times. Archived from the original on 2021-03-08. Retrieved 2020-12-28.
  37. ↑ "Large basalt reef may make Taiwan Strait Tunnel come true". Whats On Xiamen. 25 November 2009. Archived from the original on 12 March 2011. Retrieved 22 February 2012.
  38. ↑ "Discussion on Options of Taiwan Strait Crossing Project and Qiongzhou Strait Crossing Project by 9 Academicians held in Luoyang, China: Several of Them Agree with Tunnel Option". China Civil Engineering Society. 26 April 2011. Archived from the original on 18 July 2013. Retrieved 22 February 2012.
  39. ↑ "China plans undersea tunnel between S. Korea and China - Pulse by Maeil Business News Korea". pulsenews.co.kr (in Korean). Retrieved 2023-05-20.
  40. ↑ "Korea considers underwater tunnels to China, Japan". The Korea Herald. 2010-09-23. Archived from the original on 2024-12-07. Retrieved 2023-05-20.
  41. ↑ 豊予海峡架橋調査 Archived 2015-04-02 at the Wayback Machine 豊予海峡ルート推進協議会事務局
  42. ↑ 豊予海峡ルート輸送方式比較検討調査 Archived 2015-04-02 at the Wayback Machine 豊予海峡ルート推進協議会事務局
  43. ↑ "Oman considers new bridge project". MEED. 2010-06-24. Archived from the original on 2023-05-17. Retrieved 2023-05-17.
  44. ↑ "Australia PNG Indonesia by ship/ ferry". Archived from the original on 2011-07-16. Retrieved 2015-02-14.
  45. ↑ Graham-McLay, Charlotte (2025-01-08). "Wild weather halted ferries between New Zealand's main islands again. Why isn't there a tunnel?". Associated Press. Retrieved 2025-03-18.
  46. ↑ Bolger, Rosemary (2013-12-17). "Strait tunnel considered". The Examiner. Retrieved 2026-07-04.
  47. ↑ Bolger, Rosemary (2013-12-18). "Bass Strait tunnel plan sunk". The Examiner. Retrieved 2026-07-04.
  48. ↑ "Kangaroo Island Mayor rubbishes proposal for 14km bridge from mainland". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 22 July 2018. Retrieved 12 July 2026.
  49. ↑ "A Potential Fixed Link to Vancouver Island - Ministry of Transportation". Th.gov.bc.ca. Archived from the original on 2010-08-21. Retrieved 2010-09-13.
  50. ↑ "The Key West-Havana Tunnel". www.changingthetimes.net. Archived from the original on 2023-05-21. Retrieved 2023-05-20.
  51. ↑ "What does the bridge to Cuba mean for the North?". Northern Ontario Business. 2007-08-16. Archived from the original on 2023-05-21. Retrieved 2023-05-21.
  52. ↑ By (1990-12-02). "TAKE THE TUNNEL TO THE BAHAMAS". Orlando Sentinel. Retrieved 2023-05-21.
  53. ↑ "Apoyo a construcción de puente a Vieques - El Nuevo Día". 2009-07-21. Archived from the original on 2009-07-21. Retrieved 2024-03-30.
  54. ↑ Hon. P. Manning, The Prime Minister and Minister of Finance (October 6, 2003). "Appropriation Bill (Budget)" (PDF). Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). Trinidad and Tobago: House of Representatives. pp. 41–41. Archived March 5, 2016, at the Wayback Machine
  55. ↑ Ramoutar, Paras (September 17, 2011). "Build Toco-Tobago bridge with China's assistance". Trinidad and Tobago Newsday. Daily News Ltd. Retrieved July 9, 2013.
  56. ↑ Neaves, Julien (2018-09-11). "Rowley: Tobago bridge not feasible - Trinidad and Tobago Newsday". newsday.co.tt. Retrieved 2023-05-20.
  57. ↑ "China unveils US$15Bn mega bridge | The Trinidad Guardian Newspaper". 2017-10-17. Archived from the original on 2017-10-17. Retrieved 2023-05-20.
  58. ↑ "(PDF) A Bridge Linking Trinidad and Venezuela: A Case Studyapett.org/journal/vol43n2_Oct2015/P05_15005_v43n2p32-43(AAli)-Oct2015.pdf · A Bridge Linking Trinidad and Venezuela: A Case Study". dokumen.tips (in Greek). Archived from the original on 2023-05-20. Retrieved 2023-05-20.
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  60. ↑ Redacción. ""Cinco puentes Colonia-Buenos Aires"". El Observador. Archived from the original on 2023-05-18. Retrieved 2023-05-18.
  61. ↑ "La reaparición de un puente soñado". EL PAIS. 2018-06-03. Archived from the original on 2024-12-08. Retrieved 2023-05-18.
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  63. ↑ Dudley, Dominic. "Iran Says It Wants To Build The World's Longest Tunnel, Across The Gulf To Qatar". Forbes. Archived from the original on 2023-05-17. Retrieved 2023-05-17.
  64. ↑ AsiaNews.it. "Tehran and Doha to study the feasibility of the longest tunnel in the world". www.asianews.it. Retrieved 2023-05-17.
  65. ↑ Mahmood, Javed (2022-02-21). "Qatar and Iran to develop undersea tunnel to link both the countries". The Truth International. Archived from the original on 2023-05-17. Retrieved 2023-05-17.
  66. ↑ Zahra (2022-02-21). "Iran, Qatar mull major undersea tunnel project". The Iran Project. Archived from the original on 2023-05-17. Retrieved 2023-05-17.
  67. ↑ "Iran, Qatar to sign undersea tunnel project among other major deals". Middle East Monitor. 2022-02-21. Archived from the original on 2023-05-17. Retrieved 2023-05-17.
  68. ↑ "Unique underwater tunnel will connect Iran and Qatar | Bigasia.ru". bigasia.ru. Archived from the original on 2023-05-17. Retrieved 2023-05-17.
  69. ↑ Srivastava, Abhishek (2022-02-23). "As fantastical it may sound! A Saudi-Qatar-Iran trilateral is coming up!". TFIGlobal. Archived from the original on 2023-05-17. Retrieved 2023-05-17.
  70. ↑ "Oman-Iran plan causeway over Hormuz". gulfnews.com. 2014-03-06. Archived from the original on 2023-05-17. Retrieved 2023-05-17.
  71. ↑ "Oman and Iran to build bridge over Hormuz – Middle East Confidential". 2014-03-07. Archived from the original on 2023-05-17. Retrieved 2023-05-17.
  72. ↑ SA@Iran (2014-03-06). "Oman-Iran plan causeway over Hormuz". The Iran Project. Archived from the original on 2023-05-17. Retrieved 2023-05-17.
  73. ↑ "Persian Gulf Bridge: Iran's longest cross-sea bridge". February 28, 2022. Archived from the original on 2023-01-17. Retrieved 2023-05-17.
  74. ↑ "Tunnel vision: Could underwater project connect the UAE and India? - Arabian Business: Latest News on the Middle East, Real Estate, Finance, and More". Arabian Business. 28 February 2019. Archived from the original on 17 May 2023. Retrieved 17 May 2023.
  75. ↑ "UAE explores futuristic underwater tunnel to India". Archived from the original on 2023-03-25. Retrieved 2023-05-17.
  76. ↑ "Major rail project in Middle East, US leverage against China-Russia". RailFreight.com. 2023-05-09. Archived from the original on 2023-05-16. Retrieved 2023-05-17.
  77. ↑ Bottini, Arianna (2022-07-11). "The LONGEST SUBMARINE TUNNEL project in the world: it will connect the Arab Emirates and India". Res Humana. Archived from the original on 2023-05-17. Retrieved 2023-05-17.
  78. ↑ Webster, Nick (2018-12-07). "Could India connect with the UAE via an undersea tunnel?". The National. Archived from the original on 2023-05-17. Retrieved 2023-05-17.
  79. ↑ "Watch: NABL presents Fujairah-Mumbai underwater train tunnel". SAFETY4SEA. 2019-02-20. Retrieved 2023-05-17.
  • "The Three Americas Railway: An International and Intercontinental Enterprise" book written in 1881 by Hinton Rowan Helper discusses the need for an Intercontinental Highway, using railroads, starting on page 418.
  • "The Rotarian", January 1936. Article "Seeking Peace in a Concrete Way" starting on page 42.
  • "Looking far north: the Harriman Expedition to Alaska, 1899" written in 1982 by William H. Goetzmann, Kay Sloan, writes that Harriman in 1899 proposed a "Round the World Railroad" (page 128). The authors go on to write that Harriman traveled to Japan a few years later to continue this proposal.
  • "The Bering Strait Crossing: A 21st Century Frontier Between East and West" by James Oliver published in 2006 (256 pages) mentions extensively the Intercontinental Highway. He goes on to mention that the notion of a global highway has been around for hundreds of years including William Gilpen, who suggests it in 1846 was a proponent of a global rail highway to link to the then being proposed European and Asiatic Railway.
  • "Planning and Design of Bridges" by M. S. Troitsky, 1994 describes many of the bridges and tunnels proposed in the Trans Global Highway article including on page 39 this book mentions that in 1958, T.Y. Lin mentions the possible construction of a Bering Strait bridge (and obviously a needed highway network).
  • Alaska History: A Publication of the Alaska Historical Society, Volumes 4-6 (1989) mentions on page 6 that in 1892, a man named Strauss proposed a global highway and a man made bridge over the Bering Strait. The article goes on to mention the Lin proposal of 1958.
  • "Maritime Information Review" a publication of the Netherlands Maritime Information Centre, in 1991 had an extensive article, on "strait crossings" covering the then proposed Bering Strait bridge, the Gibraltar Tunnel and so on, and mentions the proposed global highway network.
  • Popular Mechanics Apr 1994 has an article "Alaska Siberia Bridge" and the article goes on to mention the construction of a global highway.
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