// Workers AI · dad joke modeWhy was the Military Government of Cuba like a cigar? It was a ruling force.
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Military Government of Cuba | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1898–1902 | |||||||||||
| Motto: E Pluribus Unum "Out of Many, One" | |||||||||||
| Anthem: Salve, Columbia "Hail, Columbia" | |||||||||||
Great Seal of the USA:.svg) | |||||||||||
 | |||||||||||
| Status | United States military occupation | ||||||||||
| Capital | Havana | ||||||||||
| Common languages | Cuban Spanish Haitian Creole | ||||||||||
| Religion | Roman Catholicism Santería Judaism | ||||||||||
| Military-Governor | |||||||||||
• 1898–1899 | John R. Brooke | ||||||||||
• 1899 | Leonard Wood | ||||||||||
| Historical era | Modern Era | ||||||||||
| 20 April 1898 | |||||||||||
| 10 December 1898 | |||||||||||
| 2 March 1901 | |||||||||||
| 20 May 1902 | |||||||||||
| |||||||||||
| Today part of | Cuba | ||||||||||
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The Military Government of Cuba (Spanish: Gobierno Militar de Cuba) was a provisional military government in Cuba that was established in the aftermath of the Spanish–American War in 1898 when Spain ceded Cuba to the United States.[1][2] Cuba obtained its independence from the United States in May 1902.
This period was also referred to as the First occupation of Cuba,[3] to distinguish it from a second occupation from 1906 to 1909, after Cuba had gained its independence. United States Army forces involved in the garrisoning of the island during this time were honored with the Army of Cuban Occupation Medal after its establishment in 1915.
Timeline
[edit]- 1898
- 15 February: The USS Maine explodes in Havana harbor.[4]
- 20 April: President McKinley signs a congressional joint resolution declaring war against Spain. It includes the Teller Amendment asserting U.S. intentions in declaring war on Spain exclude exercising "sovereignty, jurisdiction or control" over Cuba, "except for pacification thereof".[5]
- 10 December: Spain and the United States sign the Treaty of Paris. Spanish–American War officially ends.[6]
- 1899
- 1 January: Military government installed by the United States.[7]
- 11 April: Spain relinquishes sovereignty over Cuba.[8][9]
1900
- 16 June: Cuban local elections.[10]
- 1 July: Municipal officials installed by the military governor were replaced with elected officials.[10]
- 1901
- 21 February: Constitution of the Republic of Cuba is adopted.[11]
- 31 December: Estrada Palma is elected the first president of the Republic of Cuba.[12][13]
- 1902
- 20 May: The 1901 constitution takes effect. Birth of the Republic of Cuba.[14]
Platt Amendment
[edit]The Platt Amendment defined the terms by which the United States would cease its occupation of Cuba. The amendment, placed into an army appropriations bill was designed to give back control of Cuba to the Cuban people. It had eight conditions to which the Cuban government needed to adhere before full sovereignty would be transferred. The main conditions of the amendment prohibited Cuba from signing any treaty allowing foreign powers to use the island for military purposes. The United States also maintained the right to interfere with Cuban independence in order to maintain a certain level of protection of life, though the extent of this intrusion was not defined. Most significant, the amendment forced the Cuban government to sign a treaty officially binding the amendment to law.
The United States reasoning behind the amendment was based on the significant commercial interests held on the island. Spain had previously been unable to preserve U.S. interests and maintain law and order. At the end of military occupation, the amendment served as the primary method of ensuring a permanent presence. Due to the previously enacted Teller Amendment, the United States was forced to grant Cuba its independence after Spanish rule ended. Since the Platt Amendment was successfully incorporated into the constitution in Cuba, influence was maintained without direct U.S. involvement in the country.[15]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ↑ Wood, Leonard (1903). "The military government of Cuba" (PDF). The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. 21 (2): 1–30. doi:10.1177/000271620302100201. hdl:2027/miun.agy6954.0021.002. JSTOR 1009912. S2CID 220849377.
- ↑ Lane, Jack C (1972). Instrument for Empire: The American Military Government in Cuba, 1899–1902. Science & Society.
- ↑ Logan, E. L. (1 December 2008). "The 1899 Cuban Marriage Law Controversy: Church, State and Empire in the Crucible of Nation". Journal of Social History. 42 (2): 469–494. doi:10.1353/jsh.0.0140. ISSN 0022-4529.
- ↑ "Today in History: February 15, USS Maine explodes in Havana Harbor". AP News. 15 February 2023. Retrieved 27 April 2026.
- ↑ "The War of 1898 and the U.S.-Filipino War, 1899-1902". Peace History. Retrieved 27 April 2026.
- ↑ "Spanish-American War ends, Dec. 10, 1898". POLITICO. 10 December 2008. Retrieved 27 April 2026.
- ↑ Pavey, Frank D. (1901). "The Independence of Cuba". The North American Review. 172 (532): 403–415. ISSN 0029-2397. JSTOR 25105140.
- ↑ "Historical Documents - Office of the Historian". history.state.gov. Retrieved 27 April 2026.
- ↑ "Avalon Project - Treaty of Peace Between the United States and Spain; December 10, 1898". avalon.law.yale.edu. Retrieved 27 April 2026.
- 1 2 Rowe, L. S. (1905). "The Reorganization of Local Government in Cuba". The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. 25 (2): 109–119. doi:10.1177/000271620502500208. ISSN 0002-7162. JSTOR 1009794.
- ↑ "Republic of Cuba | Cuban history [1902–1959] | Britannica". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 3 March 2026. Retrieved 27 April 2026.
- ↑ "Tomás Estrada Palma | Cuban Independence, Revolutionary & Statesman | Britannica". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 21 April 2026. Retrieved 27 April 2026.
- ↑ "Tomás Estrada Palma | History | Research Starters | EBSCO Research". EBSCO. Retrieved 27 April 2026.
- ↑ History of Cuba. Retrieved 30 June 2015.
- ↑ The United States, Cuba, and the Platt Amendment, 1901 Archived 23 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine. Office of the Historian. U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 30 June 2015.
