Dubăsari
Dubăsari
Dubossary Дубоссары | |
|---|---|
.jpg) Liberal Arts College | |
 Flag  Coat of arms | |
  Dubăsari Location within Transnistria | |
| Coordinates: 47°16′N 29°10′E / 47.267°N 29.167°E | |
| Country (de jure) |  Moldova |
| Country (de facto) |  Transnistria[a] |
| Population (2004) | |
• Total | 28,500 |
| Time zone | UTC+2 (EET) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC+3 (EEST) |
| Climate | Dfa |
| Website | dubossary |
Dubăsari (Romanian pronunciation: [dubəˈsarʲ]; Moldovan Cyrillic: Дубэсарь) or Dubossary (Russian: Дубоссары [b]) is a city in Transnistria, with a population of 23,650. Claimed by both the Republic of Moldova and the unrecognized Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic, the city is under the latter's administration, and functions as the seat of the Dubăsari District.
Name
[edit]The name of the town comes from an old village of Dubăsari (now called Dubăsarii Vechi, literally "old dubăsars") and initially the place was called Dubăsaii Noi, "new dubăsars".[1] The word dubăsari/dubăsarii is the plural form of the archaic Moldavian word dubăsar, "dubasă (coracle) builder" or "boatman".[2]
History
[edit]Dubăsari is the site of one of the oldest settlements in Moldova, and the Transnistrian region. Stone Age artifacts have been found in the area, and there are several kurgans (presumed Scythian) around the city. First mentions of modern Dubăsari date to the beginning of the 16th century, as a fair populated by Moldavian peasants. The settlement became part of the Russian Empire in 1792 and was granted city status in 1795. It was part of Kherson Governorate from 1803 to 1922.
The murder of a Ukrainian boy, Mikhail Rybachenko, in Dubăsari became one of the triggers of the Kishinev pogrom after the Bessarabetz paper insinuated that he had been murdered by the Jewish community for the purpose of using their blood in the preparation of matzo for Passover.[3] Unlike in Chișinău (Kishinev), the authorities at Dubăsari acted to prevent the pogrom in the town.[4][5]
From 1924 to 1940, Dubăsari was part of the Soviet-created Moldavian ASSR. The town was heavily industrialized during the pre-WWII period.
World War II and the Holocaust
[edit]In the course of World War II, in 1940, when Bessarabia was occupied by the Soviet Union, Dubăsari became part of the newly created Moldavian SSR.
Before World War II, Dubăsari had a substantial Jewish population. In 1939, 2,198 Jews lived in the town, comprising approximately 49 percent of its population. Following the Axis invasion of the Soviet Union, German and Romanian forces occupied Dubăsari on 24 July 1941. Some of the town's Jews had fled eastward before the occupation, while many Jewish men had been drafted into the Red Army.[6]
After the occupation, Romanian authorities established a ghetto consisting of two streets. Approximately 2,500 Jews from Dubăsari and the surrounding district were confined there. Pavel Tolmachinski was appointed head of the ghetto. Prisoners were required to wear a yellow Star of David and were prohibited from leaving the ghetto, which was guarded by Romanian soldiers.[6]
In late August or early September 1941, a detachment of Einsatzkommando 12, part of Einsatzgruppe D, arrived in Dubăsari under the command of SS-Obersturmführer Max Drexel. Seven execution pits were dug near a former tobacco factory on the northeastern outskirts of the town. On 12 September, the inhabitants of the ghetto were taken to the tobacco factory and then to the pits, where they were shot by Einsatzkommando 12. German personnel carried out the killings with assistance from Romanian authorities and local auxiliary police.[7]
Further mass shootings followed. Around 20 September, approximately 1,000 to 1,500 Jews brought from other localities, including Kotovsk, were murdered at the same site. For approximately another ten days, Jewish prisoners transported to Dubăsari from other districts were also killed there. Einsatzkommando 12 left the town on 28 September 1941.[6][7]
Dubăsari was subsequently incorporated into the Romanian-administered Transnistria Governorate. The town was recaptured by the Red Army on 12 April 1944.[6]
Moldavian SSR and post-secession
[edit]In 1951–1954, the Dubăsari Dam and a 48 MW hydroelectric power plant was constructed, and the Dubăsari Reservoir was formed.
Dubăsari and its suburbs were the sites of major conflict during 1990–1992 that eventually culminated in the War of Transnistria (1992). Since then, it has been controlled by the breakaway administration of Transnistria, and tensions have risen most recently during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.
The city's economy was significantly damaged during the war in 1992.
Climate
[edit]| Climate data for Dubăsari (1991–2020, extremes 1923–1940 and 1957–2021) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 16.8 (62.2) |
21.1 (70.0) |
25.5 (77.9) |
31.8 (89.2) |
36.4 (97.5) |
38.6 (101.5) |
40.6 (105.1) |
39.8 (103.6) |
38.2 (100.8) |
33.0 (91.4) |
30.0 (86.0) |
17.7 (63.9) |
40.4 (104.7) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 1.3 (34.3) |
3.8 (38.8) |
9.9 (49.8) |
17.5 (63.5) |
23.5 (74.3) |
27.5 (81.5) |
29.8 (85.6) |
29.4 (84.9) |
23.5 (74.3) |
16.3 (61.3) |
8.7 (47.7) |
3.2 (37.8) |
16.2 (61.2) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −1.7 (28.9) |
−0.1 (31.8) |
4.7 (40.5) |
11.3 (52.3) |
17.1 (62.8) |
21.2 (70.2) |
23.3 (73.9) |
22.7 (72.9) |
17.2 (63.0) |
10.8 (51.4) |
5.1 (41.2) |
0.2 (32.4) |
11.0 (51.8) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −4.4 (24.1) |
−3.2 (26.2) |
0.5 (32.9) |
5.8 (42.4) |
11.3 (52.3) |
15.5 (59.9) |
17.5 (63.5) |
16.7 (62.1) |
11.9 (53.4) |
6.5 (43.7) |
2.2 (36.0) |
−2.3 (27.9) |
6.5 (43.7) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −29.2 (−20.6) |
−29.6 (−21.3) |
−20.7 (−5.3) |
−7.3 (18.9) |
−0.1 (31.8) |
3.3 (37.9) |
9.2 (48.6) |
6.7 (44.1) |
−3.2 (26.2) |
−6.6 (20.1) |
−18.9 (−2.0) |
−22.8 (−9.0) |
−29.6 (−21.3) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 36 (1.4) |
28 (1.1) |
30 (1.2) |
37 (1.5) |
55 (2.2) |
60 (2.4) |
67 (2.6) |
46 (1.8) |
49 (1.9) |
40 (1.6) |
43 (1.7) |
48 (1.9) |
539 (21.2) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 7 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 8 | 8 | 7 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 74 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 84 | 81 | 76 | 67 | 65 | 66 | 66 | 66 | 70 | 76 | 83 | 85 | 74 |
| Source 1: NCEI[8] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: Serviciul Hidrometeorologic de Stat (extremes, relative humidity)[9] | |||||||||||||
Population
[edit]
In 1989, the population of the city was 35,806, including 15,414 Moldovans (Romanians) (43.05%), 10,718 Ukrainians (29.93%), 8,087 Russians (22.59%), and 1,587 others (4.43%). According to the 2004 Census in Transnistria, the city had 23,650 inhabitants,[10] including 8,954 Moldovans (37.86%), 8,062 Ukrainians (34.09%), 5,891 Russians (24.91%), 153 Belarusians, 104 Bulgarians, 90 Armenians, 49 Poles, 66 Gagauzians, 46 Jews, 39 Germans, 31 Gypsies, and 165 others and non-declared.[11]
Notable natives
[edit]- Victor Covalenco (born 1975), Moldovan decathlete
- Louis Filler (1911–1998), American teacher and scholar
- Igor Gorgan (born 1969), Moldovan military officer
- Vlad Grecu (born 1959), Moldovan writer
- Nikolay Iov (born 1990), Moldovan-Russian powerlifter and musician
- Yulia Lisnik (born 1966), retired Moldovan race walker
- Anna Odobescu (born 1991), Moldovan singer and actress
- Mykhaylo Okhendovsky (born 1973), Ukrainian lawyer
- Igor Pugaci (born 1975), retired Moldovan road bicycle racer
- Dan Pușcaș (born 2001), Moldovan professional footballer
- Pyotr Rachkovsky (1853–1910), chief of the Okhrana, the secret police in the Russian Empire
- Nikolay Sklifosovsky (1836–1904), Russian surgeon and physiologist
In fiction
[edit]- The Sisters of the Winter Wood by Rena Rossner is set in Dubăsari, before and during the 1903 Kishinev pogrom.[12][13]
Notes
[edit]- ↑ Transnistria's political status is disputed. It considers itself to be an independent state, but this is not recognised by any UN member state. The Moldovan government and the international community consider Transnistria a part of Moldova's territory.
- ↑ Other names include:Ukrainian: Дубоcсари; Yiddish: דובאסאר, romanized: Dubosari; trasliterations from Moldovan Cyrillic (э->e): Dubesari, Dubesar', Dubesar
References
[edit]- ↑ Anatol Eremia, Considerații privind toponimia localităților urbane din Basarabia. In: Anuar de Lingvistica si Istorie Literara, 2023, vol. 63, pp. 85-96. ISSN 1220-4919. DOI:https://doi.org/10.59277/ALIL.2023.05
- ↑ "O definiție pentru dubasar", DEX online
- ↑ Davitt, Michael (1903). Within The Pale. London: Hurst and Blackett. pp. 98–100.
- ↑
Rosenthal, Herman; Rosenthal, Max (1901–1906). "Kishinef (Kishinev)". In Singer, Isidore; et al. (eds.). The Jewish Encyclopedia. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. - ↑ Klier, John Doyle; Lambroza, Shlomo (1992). Pogroms: Anti-Jewish Violence in Modern Russian History. Cambridge University Press. p. 202. ISBN 978-0-521-52851-1.
- 1 2 3 4 "Dubăsari". The Untold Stories: The Murder Sites of the Jews in the Occupied Territories of the Former USSR. Yad Vashem. Retrieved 1 September 2026.
- 1 2 "Murder Story of Dubăsari Jews at the Dubăsari Tobacco Factory". The Untold Stories: The Murder Sites of the Jews in the Occupied Territories of the Former USSR. Yad Vashem. Retrieved 1 September 2026.
- ↑ "World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991–2020: Dubasari" (CSV). ncei.noaa.gov. NOAA. Retrieved 4 February 2024.
- ↑ "GHID CLIMATIC al Republicii Moldova" (PDF) (in Romanian). Serviciul Hidrometeorologic de Stat. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 April 2025. Retrieved 18 April 2025.
- ↑ "pridnestrovie.net". Archived from the original on 2010-07-26. Retrieved 2009-07-20.
- ↑ The Transnistrian census of 2004 data by nationality at http://pop-stat.mashke.org/pmr-ethnic-loc2004.htm
- ↑ Rena, Rossner (2018-09-25). The sisters of the winter wood (First ed.). New York, NY. ISBN 978-0316483254. OCLC 1009182096.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ↑ "The Sisters of the Winter Wood by Rena Rossner | Jewish Book Council". www.jewishbookcouncil.org (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 2018-10-28.
External links
[edit]- (in Polish) Dubosary (Dubăsari) in the Geographical Dictionary of the Kingdom of Poland (1881)
- Site of city of Dubăsari
- Dubăsari (in Romanian)
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1 Controlled by Transnistrian breakaway authorities. 2 Also a municipality. 3 The seat of Dubăsari District is the commune of Cocieri (not a city). | ||
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