Craugastoridae
| Craugastoridae | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Craugastor longirostris | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Amphibia |
| Order: | Anura |
| Clade: | Brachycephaloidea |
| Family: | Craugastoridae Hedges, Duellman, and Heinicke, 2008 |
| Subfamilies[1] | |
| |
Craugastoridae, commonly known as fleshbelly frogs, is a family of New World direct-developing frogs. As delineated here, following the Amphibian Species of the World, it contains 973 species. They are found from the southern United States southwards to Central and South America.[1]
Life history
[edit]With the possible exception of Craugastor laticeps that may be ovoviviparous,[2] craugastorid frogs have direct development: no free-living tadpole stage is known; instead, eggs develop directly into small froglets.[3]
Taxonomy
[edit]The family Craugastoridae was created by Stephen Blair Hedges, William Edward Duellman and Matthew P. Heinicke in 2008 for the genera Craugastor and Haddadus.[3] Since then the taxonomy of these frogs has been unsettled[4][5] and their relationship to other Brachycephaloid frogs has undergone several revisions.[6][7] Some authors retain the small family,[5][8][7] while others treat it as subfamily in a broader Craugastoridae,[6] with the addition of taxa otherwise placed in family Strabomantidae. As of July 2026, the Amphibian Species of the World recognises a broader Craugastoridae with five subfamilies,[1] while AmphibiaWeb recognised a narrow Craugastoridae and places the other taxa in four subfamilies within Strabomantidae.[9][10]
Genera
[edit]According to Amphibian Species of the World, the following subfamilies and genera are in the family Craugastoridae.[1] AmphibiaWeb restrict the Craugastoridae to the Craugastorinae of ASW, so only include the three genera.
- Craugastorinae (131 species)
- Craugastor Cope, 1862 (121 species)
- Haddadus Hedges, Duellman, and Heinicke, 2008 (3 species)
- Tachiramantis Heinicke, Barrio-Amorós, and Hedges, 2015 (7 species)
- Holoadeninae (81 species)
- Bahius Dubois, Ohler, and Pyron, 2021 (1 species)
- Barycholos Heyer, 1969 (2 species)
- Bryophryne Hedges, Duellman, and Heinicke, 2008 (11 species)
- Euparkerella Griffiths, 1959 (5 species)
- Holoaden Miranda-Ribeiro, 1920 (4 species)
- Microkayla De la Riva, Chaparro, Castroviejo-Fisher, and Padial, 2017 (25 species)
- Noblella Barbour, 1930 (13 species)
- Phyllonastes Heyer, 1977 (16 species)
- Qosqophryne Catenazzi, Mamani, Lehr, and von May 2020 (3 species)
- Urkuphryne Ortega et al., 2025 (1 species)
- Hypodactylinae (18 species)
- Niceforonia Goin and Cochran, 1963 (18 species)
- Pristimantinae (727 species)
- Lynchius Hedges, Duellman, and Heinicke, 2008 (8 species)
- Oreobates Jiménez de la Espada, 1872 (31 species)
- Phrynopus Peters, 1873 (39 species)
- Pristimantis Jiménez de la Espada, 1870 (637 species)
- Serranobatrachus Arroyo, Targino, Rueda-Solano, Daza-R., and Grant, 2022 (7 species)
- Yunganastes Padial, Castroviejo-Fisher, Köhler, Domic, and De la Riva, 2007 (5 species)
- Strabomantinae (16 species)
- Strabomantis Peters, 1863 (16 species)
Taxa formerly in Craugastoridae
[edit]The following two taxa were formerly placed in Craugastoridae, but are now incerta sedis within the superfamily Brachycephaloidea, awaiting more data to resolve their position:[6]
- Atopophrynus Lynch and Ruiz-Carranza, 1982 (monotypic)[11]
- Dischidodactylus Lynch, 1979 (2 species)[12]
- Geobatrachus Ruthven, 1915 (monotypic)[13]
References
[edit]- 1 2 3 4 Frost, Darrel R. "Craugastoridae Hedges, Duellman, and Heinicke, 2008". Amphibian Species of the World, an Online Reference. 6.2. American Museum of Natural History, New York. Retrieved 21 August 2026.
- ↑ McCranie, J.R.; M.H. Wake & L. Valdés Orellana (2013). "Craugastor laticeps. Possible ovoviviparity". Herpetological Review. 44 (4): 653–654.
- 1 2 Hedges, S. B.; Duellman, W. E. & Heinicke, M. P (2008). "New World direct-developing frogs (Anura: Terrarana): Molecular phylogeny, classification, biogeography, and conservation" (PDF). Zootaxa. 1737: 1–182. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.1737.1.1.
- ↑ Frost, Darrel R. (2014). "Higher taxonomy and progress". Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 25 April 2014.
- 1 2 Blackburn, D.C. & Wake, D.B. (2011). "Class Amphibia Gray, 1825. In: Zhang, Z.-Q. (Ed.) Animal biodiversity: An outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness" (PDF). Zootaxa. 3148: 39–55. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3148.1.8.
- 1 2 3 Padial, J. M.; Grant, T. & Frost, D. R. (2014). "Molecular systematics of terraranas (Anura: Brachycephaloidea) with an assessment of the effects of alignment and optimality criteria". Zootaxa. 3825: 1–132. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3825.1.1. PMID 24989881.
- 1 2 Motta, A. P.; P. P. G. Taucce; C. F. B. Haddad; C. Canedo (2021). "A new terraranan genus from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest with comments on the systematics of Brachycephaloidea (Amphibia: Anura)". Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research. 59 (3): 663–679. doi:10.1111/jzs.12452. hdl:11449/209994. S2CID 234058664. Retrieved 13 February 2022.
- ↑ "Craugastoridae Hedges, Duellman and Heinicke, 2008". Integrated Taxonomic Information System.
- ↑ "Craugastoridae". AmphibiaWeb. University of California, Berkeley. Retrieved 23 July 2026.
- ↑ "Strabomantidae". AmphibiaWeb. University of California, Berkeley. Retrieved 23 July 2026.
- ↑ Frost, Darrel R. "Atopophrynus Lynch and Ruiz-Carranza, 1982". Amphibian Species of the World, an Online Reference. 6.2. American Museum of Natural History, New York. Retrieved 21 August 2026.
- ↑ Frost, Darrel R. "Dischidodactylus Lynch, 1979". Amphibian Species of the World, an Online Reference. 6.2. American Museum of Natural History, New York. Retrieved 21 August 2026.
- ↑ Frost, Darrel R. "Geobatrachus Ruthven, 1915". Amphibian Species of the World, an Online Reference. 6.2. American Museum of Natural History, New York. Retrieved 21 August 2026.
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