Chợ Lớn
Cholon
Saigon[a], Đê Ngạn | |
|---|---|
Bình Tây Market - the largest market in Chợ Lớn Châu Văn Liêm St, with the Chợ Lớn Central Post Office in the background | |
 Interactive map of Cholon | |
| Country | Vietnam |
| Municipality | Ho Chi Minh City |
| Districts (former) | District 5, District 6 |
| Chợ Lớn | |||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 "Đê Ngạn" and "Chợ Lớn" as written in dialects of Chinese (top) and Vietnamese (bottom). Note that the script used for the below name is no longer used to write the Vietnamese language. | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Chinese name | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Chinese | 堤岸[1][2] | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Hanyu Pinyin | Dī'àn | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Literal meaning | embankment | ||||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||||
| Vietnamese name | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Vietnamese alphabet | Chợ Lớn | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Hán-Nôm | 𢄂𡘯[3] | ||||||||||||||||||||
Chợ Lớn (Chinese: 堤岸[b]), usually anglicized as "Cholon" in English sources, is an unofficial quarter of Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Historically a city separate from Sài Gòn prior to its urbanization in the 1930s-1950s, the quarter has long been inhabited by Chinese people and is considered the largest Chinatown in the world by area.[4][5]
Chợ Lớn lies on the west bank of the Saigon River, and spans across all of former District 5 and District 6.[c] The quarter borders the former District 8 (along the Tàu Hủ Canal) to the south, and the former Districts 10 & 11 to the north.
Etymology
[edit] | This section needs more citations. (July 2026) |
Professor Chen Zhenghong, when researching textual criticism at China's Fudan University, wrote: "As known before, the term "Đê Ngạn" (堤岸; Pinyin: Dī'àn) literally means 'embankment', more specifically (originating from) the 'Sài Gòn embankment', a place which has — for a long period of time — been settled by the Chinese diaspora".[6]
However, Vietnamese etymologist An Chi rejects this, and described the explanation as "absurd" as Sài Gòn apparently "did not harbor any embankments".[when?] He further argued that the term had originally been written by Chinese settlers as: "提岸".[d] with the character "提" (consisting of the 'hand' radical) being replaced with the character "堤" (consisting of the 'earth' radical) later on to align with its alleged meaning of 'embankment'. Both terms are pronounced in Cantonese as tai4 ngon6 (transliterated into Vietnamese as "Thầy Ngòn" or Thì Ngòn) and are phonetic transcriptions of the Vietnamese term: "Sài Gòn".
On the other hand, the Vietnamese name Chợ Lớn (lit. 'big market') is exclusively used among the majority of Vietnamese speakers. The name originated from two markets in the area, whose stark difference in size resulted in the larger & newer market being referred to as "Chợ Lớn" to differentiate it from its smaller, older counterpart. The name eventually grew to refer to the rest of the quarter.[7][8]
An Chi also stated that, prior to the official creation of "Sài Gòn" (its area at establishment composing of the former District 1 and District 3[e]) by the French, that Sài Gòn originally referred to the areas of modern-day Chợ Lớn – before gradually referring to Bến Nghé as well.
History
[edit] | This section needs more citations. (July 2026) |
Feudal era
[edit]The city of Chợ Lớn was de facto established by the Hoa community. The Lê dynasty which was the ruling family in the sixteenth century began to decline in power and two rival families, the Trịnh and Nguyễn families began to vie for power to fill in the void of the Lê. The Nguyễn lords were then appointed as Viceroy of the South with headquarters at Huế where they encouraged Chinese immigration to settle down into the area.[9]
Prior to 1698, there'd already been a Minh Hương village in what was modern-day Chợ Lớn – then referred to as Đề Ngạn. Originally consisting of Chinese refugees in the South who had gone against the Qing dynasty, a massive wave of Chinese immigrants arriving from Cù lao Phố (an island located in modern-day Trấn Biên ward, part of the former city of Biên Hòa) would flock to the village following the destruction of their homes by the Tây Sơn forces for sheltering Gia Long during their pursuit of him[10] — as well as following the aftermath of a series of conflicts between the Hòa Nghĩa and Đông Sơn armies.[11] In 1782, more than 10,000 Hoa people were once again massacred by the Tây Sơn and had to rebuild.[12]
Due to demand, Chinese settlers would eventually build a market (as well as expand existing ones) to exchange goods and services.
Under French rule
[edit]The "City of Chợ Lớn" (Ville de Cholon) was officially established on the 6th of June, 1865, according to a decree ratified by Pierre-Paul de La Grandière (then interim Governor of Cochinchina), on the territories of a number of villages situated in 3 cantons: Tân Phong Thượng, Tân Phong Trung, and Tân Phong Hạ. By 1879, the city was recognized as a "2nd-class municipality"[f] (municipalité de 2e classe) by Governor Charles Le Myre de Vilers, alongside cities in other parts of French Indochina such as Tourane and Phnom Penh.[13] The City of Chợ Lớn was then considered separate from Chợ Lớn province — despite housing the latter's headquarters of government[citation needed] — and was instead lead by a mayor (Thị trưởng / maire).[g][13]
In 1882, a meter-wide, 5 kilometer long tramway connecting the cities of Sài Gòn and Chợ Lớn began operations on the 1st of July.[citation needed] By 1930, the two cities had shared a border along what is now Nguyễn Văn Cừ and Nguyễn Thiên Thuật Street.
French censuses stated at the time that, in 1901, Chợ Lớn had a population of approximately 63,237. By February 1920, that number had risen to 93,949.[13]
On the 27th of April, 1931, Chợ Lớn and the neighboring city of Saigon were merged to form a single administrative division called the Saigon–Cholon Area (Khu Sài Gòn – Chợ Lớn). The official name, however, never entered everyday vernacular speech and the city continued to be referred to as Saigon.[citation needed]
The Saigon–Cholon Area was headed by a 'Chief' (Khu trưởng), who was also appointed by the Governor-General and additionally served as "President of the Administrative Council of the Saigon-Cholon Region" (Chủ tịch Hội đồng quản lý khu Sài Gòn - Chợ Lớn). On the other hand, the aforementioned position of Mayor (Thị trưởng) would last until 1934, when several of its authorities were transferred to the position of Chief.
On the 30th of June, 1951, the Prime Minister of the State of Vietnam signed Decree No. 311-cab/SG, renaming the "Sài Gòn - Chợ Lớn Area" to the "Sài Gòn - Chợ Lớn Capital City" (Đô thành Sài Gòn-Chợ Lớn).
Under South Vietnamese rule
[edit]In 1956, "Chợ Lớn" was dropped from the city's official name entirely.[14] During the Vietnam War, soldiers and deserters from the United States Army maintained a thriving black market in Chợ Lớn, trading in various American and especially U.S. Army-issue items. This was the area, near the Quan Âm Pagoda, where photojournalist Eddie Adams took his famous execution photograph.[15] Four Australian journalists were also killed in Chợ Lớn during the Tet Offensive in 1968.[16]
Present
[edit]On the 16th of June, 2025, the Standing Committee of the National Assembly enacted Resolution No. 1685/NQ-UBTVQH15[17] (as part of the 2025 Vietnamese administrative reforms), dissolving the former District 5 and merging wards 11, 12, 13, and 14 to form the newly-established Chợ Lớn ward, with a total area of 1,67 km² (0.64 sq mi). As a result, however, the officially-established ward only accounts for a fraction of the unofficial quarter's size.
Culture
[edit]As home to a significant number of the Chinese diaspora in Vietnam (the Hoa people), Chợ Lớn's culture is deeply influenced by that of Chinese immigrants (predominantly from areas such as Guangdong / Fujian), especially in areas such as cuisine, architecture, cultural festivals, traditions, medicine, etc.
As a result, Chợ Lớn has been described by many as, aside from a major economic & historic hub, a "melting pot of (mainly) Chinese and Vietnamese culture".[citation needed]
Notable cuisine / dishes
[edit]- Peking duck
- Steamed buns, more specifically multi-colored buns & Cả Cần steamed buns.
- har gow (蝦餃; há cảo)
- shuijiao (水餃; sủi cảo)
- wontons (雲吞; hoành thánh)[h]
- "Lão Mã" salt-steamed chicken
- Satay venison hủ tiếu (rice noodle soup)
- Stir-fried Hokkien noodles[i]
- Stinky tofu
- Steamed chicken feet, often braised with fermented soybean paste.
- Buddha Jumps Over the Wall
- Varieties of chè: black sesame chè (chè mè đen), tea egg chè (chè trứng hồng trà), papaya chè (chè đu đủ tiềm), tangyuan, almond tofu, guilinggao, Hong Kong–style milk tea, etc.
Religious sites
[edit]Chợ Lớn is known to harbor various religious sites and places of worship, majority of which are of Chinese origin. Notably, a majority of the sites mentioned in the following lists are also located in the officially-established Chợ Lớn ward.
National relics
[edit]| Name | Address | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Minh Hương Gia Thạnh Communal House
(明鄉嘉盛會館[j] / Đình Minh Hương Gia Thạnh) |
380 Trần Hưng Đạo, Chợ Lớn ward | |
| Hà Chương Assembly Hall
(霞漳會館 / Hội quán Hà Chương) |
802 Nguyễn Trãi, Chợ Lớn ward | |
| Lệ Châu Assembly Hall
(麗朱會館 / Hội quán Lệ Châu) |
586 Trần Hưng Đạo, Chợ Lớn ward | |
| Ôn Lăng Assembly Hall
(溫陵會館 / Hội quán Ôn Lăng) |
12 Lão Tử, Chợ Lớn ward | Also known as the Quan Âm Temple
(Chùa Quân Âm) |
| Nghĩa An Assembly Hall
(義安會館 / Hội quán Nghĩa An) |
676 Nguyễn Trãi, Chợ Lớn ward | Also known as Tuệ Thành Assembly Hall
(穗城會館 / Hội quán Tuệ Thành) |
| Nghĩa Nhuận Assembly Hall
(義潤會館 / Hội quán Nghĩa Nhuận) |
27 Phan Văn Khỏe, Chợ Lớn ward | |
| Nhị Phủ Assembly Hall
(二府會館 / Hội quán Nhị Phủ) |
264 Hải Thượng Lãn Ông, Chợ Lớn ward | |
| Quỳnh Phủ Assembly Hall
(瓊府會館 / Hội quán Quỳnh Phủ) |
276 Trần Hưng Đạo B, Chợ Lớn ward | |
| Thien Hau Temple of Cholon
(Miếu Thiên Hậu) |
710 Nguyễn Trãi, Chợ Lớn ward |
Nghĩa An Assembly Hall
Nhị Phủ Assembly Hall
.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
City-level relics
[edit]| Name | Address | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Thiên Tôn Pagoda
(天尊寺 / Chùa Thiên Tôn) |
117/3/2 An Bình, An Đông ward | |
| Tân Kiểng Pagoda
(新景亭 / Đình Tân Kiểng) |
718 Trần Hưng Đạo, Chợ Quán ward | |
| Phước An Assembly Hall
(福安會館 / Hội quán Phước An) |
184 Hồng Bàng, Chợ Lớn ward | Also known as
"Minh Hương Pagoda"[18] |
| Lý Family Ancestral House
(李氏祠堂 / Từ đường họ Lý) |
292 Hải Thượng Lãn Ông, Chợ Lớn ward | |
| Hokkien Ancestral House
(福建祠堂 / Từ đường Phúc Kiến) |
314 Nguyễn Trãi, An Đông ward | Located within Nguyễn Trãi Hospital |
Commerce
[edit]Alongside the quarter's cultural significance, Chợ Lớn has long served as one of Ho Chi Minh City's commercial and trading hubs — evident through the diverse range of marketplaces, ranging from roadside shophouses to wholesale markets situated across Chợ Lớn.
.jpg)
Commercial streets/areas (tuyến phố chuyên doanh)
[edit]Commercial streets/areas (tuyến phố chuyên doanh) specializing in specific commodities, goods, and services (e.g. textiles, floristry, traditional Chinese medicine, gemstones, fashion, cuisine, etc.) can be found across the quarter, and are aimed at preserving local cultural traditions & heritage[19] as well as boost local economic development via serving as tourist attractions.[20]
| Name | Address | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Hải Thượng Lãn Ông Old Street[21]
(Khu phố cổ Hải Thượng Lãn Ông) |
Hải Thượng Lãn Ông St., Chợ Lớn ward | Recognized by the Ho Chi Minh City Department of Culture, Sports and Tourism as "one of the cities' oldest neighborhood blocks".[22] |
| District 5 Traditional Medicine Street[23]
(Phố Đông y Quận 5) |
||
| Phùng Hưng Stationery Street[24]
(Phố văn phòng phẩm Phùng Hưng) |
Phùng Hưng St., Chợ Lớn ward | |
| District 5 Lantern Street
(Phố lồng đèn Quận 5)[25] |
Lương Nhữ Học St., Chợ Lớn ward | |
| Chợ Lớn Artificial Flowers Street
(Phố hoa vải Chợ Lớn)[26] |
Tháp Mười St., Bình Tây ward | |
| Soài Kinh Lâm Textiles Market
(Phố vải Soái Kình Lâm)[27] |
18 An Dương Vương, An Đông ward | Formerly & colloquially known as "Soái Kình Lâm Market"
(Chợ Soái Kình Lâm) |
| District 5 Jewelry Quarter
(Phố vàng bạc trang sức Quận 5)[28] |
Nhiêu Tâm / Nghĩa Thực / Bùi Hữu Nghĩa St., An Đông ward | Surrounds Hòa Bình Market.[28] |
Markets
[edit]Commerce, especially among the local Chinese community, is also heavily concentrated in Chợ Lớn's most prominent markets, such as Bình Tây Market, An Đông Market, and Kim Biên Market; such markets often consist of hundreds of dense stalls, which are utilized for the sale of wholesale goods.[29]
Bình Tây Market, located in the ward of the same name, is the largest and oldest-surviving[30] market in Chợ Lớn and is known for incorporating various aspects of Chinese architecture.[29] Construction on the market began in 1928 and was completed in 1930; lead by a Chinese merchant named Guo Yan (郭琰; Vietnamese: Quách Đàm).
Since 2015, the market has been recognized by the Ho Chi Minh City Board of Culture & Sports as one of the city's architectural heritage sites.[31]
.jpg)
Festivals
[edit]The Lantern Festival (元宵節 / Tết Nguyên Tiêu) is celebrated annually on the 15th day of the first lunisolar month, often taking place at religious sites, cultural centers, park exhibits as well as in the form of street parades and lantern-releasing.[32] The festival and customs surrounding it has been recognized by Vietnam's Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism as one of the country's intangible cultural heritages.[33][34]
Other notable festivals include the Chợ Lớn Culinary Festival[k] (Lễ hội ẩm thực Chợ Lớn); a food festival exclusive to Chợ Lớn, which has been held annually in early December since 2023 and is aimed at showcasing a variety of Chinese and Vietnamese cuisine culturally associated with the quarter.[35][36]
Other notable places
[edit]| Name | Address | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Hào Sĩ Phường Alley[37] | Hải Thượng Lãn Ông St., Chợ Lớn ward | |
| Chợ Quán Hospital Detention Camp
(Khu trại giam Bệnh viện Chợ Quán) |
190 Hàm Tử, Chợ Quán ward | Prominent for being the place of confinement of revolutionary Trần Phú. |
| No. 5 Châu Văn Liêm ("Uncle Hồ's House") | 5 Châu Văn Liêm, Chợ Lớn ward | Former residence of Hồ Chí Minh (also known as by his other alias, Nguyễn Tất Thành) in Saigon, prior to his journey of "setting out to find a path to national salvation" in 1911. |
| Văn Lang Park
(Công viên Văn Lang) |
238 An Dương Vương, An Đông ward | |
| Thăng Long Park
(Công viên Thăng Long) |
Hải Thượng Lãn Ông St., Chợ Lớn ward | |
| Windsor Plaza Hotel | 18 An Dương Vương, An Đông ward | |
| District 5 Cultural Center
(Trung tâm Văn hóa Quận 5) |
105 Trần Hưng Đạo, An Đông ward |
Notable residents
[edit]- Yvon Petra - (1916 - 1984) A French male tennis player, best remembered as the last Frenchman to win the Wimbledon championships men's singles title in 1946.
- Cao Văn Viên - (1921 - 2008) Chief of the Joint General Staff of the Army of the Republic of Vietnam from 1966 to 1975.[38][39]
- Gontran de Poncins - (1900 - 1962) French author, aristocrat, and adventurer. He resided in Chợ Lớn's Sun Wah hotel, keeping an illustrated journal that was published as From a Chinese City in 1957. "He chose Chợ Lớn, the Chinese riverbank community snuggled up to Saigon, because he suspected the ancient customs of a national culture endure longer in remote colonies than in the motherland. Moreover, he also studied ancient China."[40]
- Trần Văn Lắm (1913 - 2001)
- Wan Kwong (Chinese: 尹光), born Lui Minkwong (呂明光) - (b. 1944) Hong Kong singer
External links
[edit]- . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 267.
- literatier Ulrich Brinkhoff: Albträume am Saigon-Fluss. Agenda 2014, ISBN 978-3-89688-516-6.
Book contains various content and photos on Cholon (in German)
Note
[edit]- ↑ Before the Cochinchina campaign
- ↑ Sino-Vietnamese reading: Đê Ngạn Pinyin reading: Dī'àn Jyutping reading: tai4 ngon6 Vietnamese reading of the Cantonese pronunciation: Thầy Ngòn
- ↑ After the 2025 Vietnamese administrative reforms, this consists of the wards: Chợ Lớn, Chợ Quán, An Đông, Bình Phú, Phú Lâm, Bình Tiên, and Bình Tây.
- ↑ Its Sino-Vietnamese reading being: "Đề Ngạn", instead
- ↑ After the 2025 Vietnamese administrative reforms, this consists of the wards: Tân Định, Sài Gòn, Bến Thành, Cầu Ông Lãnh, Bàn Cờ, Xuân Hòa, and Nhiêu Lộc.
- ↑ Equivalent to provinces.
- ↑ Who was nominated by the Governor and appointed by the Governor-General
- ↑ Vietnamese terms for the 3 dishes above originate from the Cantonese reading of the name, as opposed to its Sino-Vietnamese reading. (In which case, the dishes would've been referred to as 'hà giáo', 'thủy giáo' and 'vân thôn', respectively.)
- ↑ Main ingredients may consist of beef, shrimp, seafood, etc. Also includes crispy-fried noodles, soft-fried noodles and braised duck egg noodles (mì vịt tiềm).
- ↑ In Sino-Vietnamese: Minh Hương Gia Thạnh Hội Quán
- ↑ Known officially as the "Chợ Lớn Food Story Culinary Festival" (Lễ hội ẩm thực Chợ Lớn Food Story)
References
[edit]- ↑ "堤岸——全球最大的唐人街(組圖) - 國際在線 - 新聞中心".
- ↑ "胡志明市堤岸區：粵語通行的"小香港"". Archived from the original on October 4, 2013. Retrieved November 15, 2015.
- ↑ "Cholon, Ho Chi Minh City - the Vietnam Guide". thevietnamguide.com. Archived from the original on April 25, 2012.
- ↑ Cho Lon, HCMC’s Booming Chinatown, Saigon Giải Phóng News, 13 May 2008.
- ↑ Experience Vietnamese-Chinese cultural tourism in the heart of Ho Chi Minh City on a double-decker bus, Voice of Vietnam, 29 May 2024
- ↑ Chen, Zhenghong (Trần Chính Hoằng) (2011). "Thư tịch chữ Hán Việt Nam được khắc in ở Trung Quốc(1)" (in Vietnamese). Archived from the original on October 10, 2017.
- ↑ "Chuyện Chợ Lớn, hồn Hoa giữa lòng Sài Gòn". VOV Giao thông. April 14, 2026.
- ↑ "Tên gọi Sài Gòn, Chợ Lớn, Gia Định qua trăm năm". VNExpress. April 16, 2026.
- ↑ Socio-Economic Background of the Hoa People (PDF) (Thesis). Shodhganga. p. 34.
- ↑ Hoàng, Ngọc Chính (November 8, 2012). "Cù lao Phố - địa danh vang bóng một thời. Kỳ II". Bảo tàng Lịch sử Quốc gia.
- ↑ According to the chorography Gia Đinh Thành Thông Chí by Trịnh Hoài Đức.
- ↑ Socio-Economic Background of the Hoa People (PDF) (Thesis). Shodhganga. p. 34.
- 1 2 3 Hồng, Minh (December 1, 2011). "Chợ Lớn - vùng văn hóa độc đáo". Báo Nhân Dân.
- ↑ P. 61, Historic Dictionary of Ho Chi Minh City (written by Justin Corfield; published by Anthem Press in 2013)
- ↑ Faber, John (1978). Great News Photos and the Stories Behind Them. Courier Dover Publications. p. 136. ISBN 9780486236674.
- ↑ Colebatch, Hal G.P. (October 30, 2009). "The Saigon media slaughter". The Australian. Retrieved November 6, 2013.
- ↑ "Nghị quyết số 1685/NQ-UBTVQH15 của Ủy ban Thường vụ Quốc hội: Về việc sắp xếp các đơn vị hành chính cấp xã của Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh năm 2025". Thư Viện Pháp Luật.
- ↑ "Hội quán Phước An". MTTQ Quận 5. February 5, 2026.
- ↑ Anh, Huy (May 2, 2017). "Phố chuyên doanh tại Quận 5 – điểm dừng chân lý thú cho du khách". Cổng Thông tin Điện tử Thành ủy Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh.
- ↑ "TP.HCM ra mắt tuyến đường ẩm thực, mua sắm "mới toanh" khu vực Chợ Lớn". Du lịch TP.HCM - Báo Tuổi Trẻ. December 30, 2021.
- ↑ Nguyễn Bình; Đào Hằng (October 23, 2019). "Khám phá Sài Gòn - Khu phố Hải Thượng Lãn Ông". Báo Thanh Niên.
- ↑ Nguyễn Bình; Đào Hằng (October 23, 2019). "Khám phá Sài Gòn - Khu phố Hải Thượng Lãn Ông". Báo Thanh Niên.
- ↑ "Phố Đông Y". Quận 5 xin chào.
- ↑ Lê Tỉnh (November 12, 2023). "Phố văn phòng phẩm Phùng Hưng ở TP HCM có gì đặc biệt?". Báo Tuổi Trẻ.
- ↑ Vân Khanh; Bích Phương (September 27, 2023). "Những lưu ý khi tham quan phố lồng đèn TP HCM". VNExpress.
- ↑ "Ra mắt "Phố hoa vải Chợ Lớn" tại Quận 6". Cổng thông tin điện tử Thành ủy Thành phố Hồ Chi Minh. November 27, 2021.
- ↑ Cao, An Biên (July 1, 2025). "Phố vải Soái Kình Lâm ra mắt sáng nay ở TP.HCM: Có gì đặc biệt?". Báo Thanh Niên.
- 1 2 Lê Phong; Thái Phương (April 27, 2017). "Phố vàng, bạc Chợ Lớn nhộn nhịp ngày khai trương".
- 1 2 "Chợ Bình Tây". Ủy ban nhà nước về người Việt Nam ở nước ngoài. April 27, 2012.
- ↑ "Những địa điểm làm nên tên tuổi của Chợ Lớn". Báo Tuổi Trẻ. November 13, 2023.
- ↑ Lam Điền (November 6, 2015). "Đề xuất trại Davis (Tân Sơn Nhất) là di tích cấp quốc gia". Báo Tuổi Trẻ.
- ↑ "TP. Hồ Chí Minh tổ chức Lễ hội Nguyên Tiêu 2025 ở đâu? Khi nào". Thư Viện Pháp Luật. February 10, 2025.
- ↑ Lam, Điền (February 7, 2020). "Tết Nguyên tiêu của người Hoa Chợ Lớn là di sản văn hóa phi vật thể quốc gia". Báo Tuổi Trẻ.
- ↑ Hải, Nhi (March 3, 2026). "TP.HCM: Rộn ràng Đêm hội Nguyên Tiêu". Báo Tuổi Trẻ.
- ↑ Thái Hòa; Ngọc Ngọc (December 5, 2025). "Lễ hội ẩm thực Chợ Lớn: Cả trăm món ngon hút khách xếp hàng từ sáng sớm". Báo Thanh Niên.
- ↑ Trúc, Nhi (December 6, 2025). "Lễ hội ẩm thực Chợ Lớn: Khách vẫn vui dù phải xếp hàng". Báo Tuổi Trẻ.
- ↑ Ngọc Yến; Hiền Công (April 9, 2024). "Sài Gòn sống và yêu: Hào Sĩ Phường, chuyện đời trăm năm về con hẻm nhỏ". VOV Giao Thông.
- ↑ St. George, Donna. "Cao Van Vien, 1921-2008." Washington Post. January 2, 2009.
- ↑ Kinnard, Douglas. The War Managers: American Generals Reflect on Vietnam. Reprint ed. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Da Capo Press, 1991. ISBN 0-306-80449-2
- ↑ Book product description.
10°44′56″N 106°39′00″E / 10.749°N 106.65°E
| International | |
|---|---|
| National | |
| Other | |
