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Bridges to Babylon

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Bridges To Babylon)

Bridges to Babylon
A painting of a stone lion standing on two legs in the sand
Studio album by
the Rolling Stones
Released29 September 1997 (1997-09-29)
Recorded13 March – July 1997
StudiosOcean Way Recording (Los Angeles, California)
GenreRock
Length62:27
LabelVirgin
ProducersDon Was, The Glimmer Twins, with Rob Fraboni, Danny Saber, Pierre de Beauport, and The Dust Brothers
The Rolling Stones chronology
Stripped
(1995)		 Bridges to Babylon
(1997)		 No Security
(1998)
Singles from Bridges to Babylon
  1. "Anybody Seen My Baby?"
    Released: 22 September 1997
  2. "Saint of Me"
    Released: 26 January 1998
  3. "Out of Control"
    Released: August 1998

Bridges to Babylon is the twenty-first British and twenty-third American studio album by the English rock band the Rolling Stones. It was released on 29 September 1997, through Virgin Records. The album contains contributions from a host of producers—Don Was, returning from Voodoo Lounge (1994), as well as the Dust Brothers, Danny Saber, Rob Fraboni and Pierre de Beauport—with all of the tracks also being produced by Mick Jagger and Keith Richards (as "the Glimmer Twins"). The album contains a multitude of musical styles, such as rock and roll, blues, reggae, and electronic music, as a result of Jagger's desire to mix the band's traditional sound with the contemporary styles of the day.

Upon release, Bridges to Babylon sold well and received mostly positive reviews. Its lead single, "Anybody Seen My Baby?", was a worldwide top 40 hit and was successful on US rock and alternative radio. The album reached the top 3 in the US and topped the charts throughout Europe, though it became the band's first (and, to date, only) album to peak outside the top 5 in the UK. Reviewers were divided on the merits of the band's experiments with then-current trends and styles, though certain tracks were consistently singled out for praise. The following Bridges to Babylon Tour ran through 1997 and 1998 and was extremely successful, becoming the second-highest-grossing tour at the time.

Background and recording

[edit]

Following the Voodoo Lounge Tour from 1994 to 1995, and the album Stripped, the Stones afforded themselves a brief respite before Mick Jagger and Keith Richards began composing new songs together in the summer of 1996, with demos to follow as they met in New York in November and London the following month. Another writing session took place in Barbados in January 1997.[1]

In March 1997, the band arrived in Los Angeles to start the recording sessions at Ocean Way Studios. After many albums recorded in isolated islands, working in a big city allowed for the contribution of various musician friends of the band. Bridges to Babylon was recorded until July, and the four-month production made it one of their most concise periods of recording in years. The sessions were frequently all-nighters that lasted until Richards got tired by the morning.[1]

Although Don Was produced again, Jagger arrived before the other members of the Stones to seek local producers. First were The Dust Brothers, who had impressed Jagger with their work on Beck's Odelay and the Beastie Boys' Paul's Boutique.[2] The Dust Brothers' contributions were initially five, but were reduced to three, which marked the only Stones songs to feature sampling. Danny Saber and Babyface were also brought in by Jagger, though the latter's contributions to the track "Already Over Me" were eventually discarded. Richards was not keen on the idea of working with 'loop gurus', going as far as expelling Saber from the studio once he found him overdubbing guitars. Richards brought in Rob Fraboni for his solo material, and Was made sure to work with Richards and Jagger in separate rooms. Drummer Charlie Watts would relieve the tense environment by working with percussionist Jim Keltner, whom he later drafted for a solo project. By the final week of recording, the Stones were not on speaking terms, with Jagger boycotting sessions arranged by Richards' crew and Watts leaving Los Angeles as soon as he finished his contributions.[1]

During the album's mastering, the chorus of the projected lead single, "Anybody Seen My Baby?", was found to resemble the 1992 hit "Constant Craving" by k.d. lang, a discovery brought to Richards' attention by his daughter Angela. Seeking to avoid possible future legal entanglements, Lang and her co-writer Ben Mink were credited along with Jagger and Richards on the new tune.[3] It reached No. 22 in the UK and also became a US radio rock hit.

A total of nine different musicians played bass on the sessions for the album: Jeff Sarli, Blondie Chaplin, Jamie Muhoberac, Pierre de Beauport, Don Was, Danny Saber, Darryl Jones, Me'shell Ndegeocello, and Doug Wimbish.

Packaging

[edit]

Once the Rolling Stones had picked Stefan Sagmeister to be the album's art director, Jagger told him to seek inspiration from Babylonian art exhibited at the British Museum. Sagmeister was most impressed by a Lamassu sculpture featuring a lion with a human head and beard and commissioned artist Kevin Murphy to paint a similar Assyrian lion in an attack stance. The first million units of Bridges to Babylon were encased in a specially manufactured filigree slipcase that gave the impression that the lion was embedded into the design. The desert background of the cover was extended throughout the booklet, featuring ruins that were the basis for the stage design of the Bridges to Babylon Tour.[4][5]

Release and reception

[edit]

Bridges to Babylon reached No. 6 in the UK, No. 2 in France and No. 3 in the US, where it was certified platinum by the RIAA in November 1997.[6] As of January 2010, it had sold 1.1 million copies in the US.[7] Further singles "Saint of Me" and concert staple "Out of Control" were also minor hits. By this point, the Stones had become a touring phenomenon. The Bridges to Babylon Tour in 1997 consisted of 108 concerts, with an elaborate stage design Jagger aimed to make similar to U2's PopMart Tour.[1] In 2009, Bridges to Babylon was remastered and reissued by Universal Music.

Critical reception

[edit]
Professional ratings
Review scores
SourceRating
AllMusicStarStarHalf star[8]
Christgau's Consumer Guide(1-star Honorable Mention)[9]
Entertainment WeeklyB[10]
NME7/10[11]
Rolling StoneStarStarStarStar[12]
The Rolling Stone Album GuideStarStarStar[13]
SelectStarStarStar[14]
Tom HullB+ ((2-star Honorable Mention)(2-star Honorable Mention))[15]
UncutStarStarStar[16]

Bridges to Babylon was released to mixed-to-positive reviews. Rolling Stone writer Mark Kemp found that the majority of the album "come[s] off feral without sounding forced [and] contemporary without succumbing to modern-rock trendiness".[12] Kemp praised the band's collaboration with contemporary producers and the integration of new sounds and styles, while also highlighting the three Richards vocals as "some of the stronger songs" on the record.[12] Paul Moody of the NME praised the "bizarre brilliance" of "Saint of Me", "Thief in the Night", and "Might as Well Get Juiced", citing the record as evidence that the band had "pretty much seen off the curse of age-old pop group reality".[11] Rockpile's Lorraine Gennaro stated the record "has everything Stones fans have come to know and love", highlighting Richards' playing as "still sound[ing] oh-so-sweet".[17] Hits declared that "The Glimmer Twins are back with piss, vinegar and a really megalithic cash-cow tour", finding that "beneath the beasty/flowery cover art of Bridges... rocks an album with magnitude to match".[18] Ken Richardson of Stereo Review considered the album to be the band's best since Tattoo You (1981), arguing that its songs would "remain as vital as Tattoo's touchstones, 'Start Me Up' and 'Waiting on a Friend'".[19]

Ken Tucker of Entertainment Weekly called Bridges to Babylon a "frantic, scattered work", considering the band's attempts to "connect with contemporary styles" to be "shrewd" but "pointless".[10] However, he praised the latter part of the record, describing "Might as Well Get Juiced" as "an oily hymn to dissolution, exhilarating in its bleakness" and declaring the final two tracks to be among "the most heart-slashing work the Stones have ever cut".[10] After panning Voodoo Lounge as "wretched", Select was more positive towards Bridges to Babylon. Writer Andrew Perry praised the album's ballads as "uniformly excellent", while also highlighting Richards' lead vocal appearances and the band's collaborations with the Dust Brothers.[14] Robert Christgau was more lukewarm, giving the album a one-star honorable mention and stating the band "still know[s] how to construct, play, and—sometimes—sing a song".[9] A negative review from the Los Angeles Times derided the record as a "ballad-heavy collection [which] is bland enough in spirit and attitude to make you long for the good old days of gratuitous controversy and sexist swagger".[20]

Retrospective reviews are more mixed. AllMusic's Stephen Thomas Erlewine rated the album positively, commending the band for "work[ing] within its limitations" in regards to incorporating new styles and working with contemporary producers, further stating that the album's biggest strength was its "solid, craftsmanlike songwriting".[8] Revisiting the album in 2018, Tom Hull gave the album a B+, opining that it finds the band "developing a sense of nuance – something they've never had much interest in before, or for that matter much need of."[15] Conversely, Nick DeRiso of Ultimate Classic Rock considered the album to be hampered by "dated experimentation", criticizing the more contemporary material and regarding the record as a whole to be "an utterly bloodless detour away from everything that once made the Rolling Stones interesting in the first place."[21] DeRiso reserved praise for Richards' contributions, praising it as "some of his strongest material", but ultimately felt that they "could not re-balance a recording that simply spent too much time chasing now-outmoded trends."[21]

Rankings of the band's entire discography tend to place Bridges to Babylon near the bottom. The NME ranked it second-to-last, calling it "undoubtedly the nadir in Mick and Keith’s songwriting partnership".[22] Ultimate Classic Rock also ranked the record as the band's second-worst, finding its "'modern' touches" to sound "hopelessly dated", while finding the more traditional rock-and-roll tracks to be "potent" and "intense", yet not "melodically memorable".[23] Louder Sound ranked the album 21st, stating that despite the numerous producers and session musicians, there is "a lot to love" about the record.[24] The album appeared at number 24 on BBC Music Magazine's list, which stated that while the record is "ambitious", it also is "a bit of a muddled identity crisis", though the publication reserved praise for Richards' ballads.[25] Esquire ranked the album as the band's worst, denouncing it as a "schizophrenic album" that unsuccessfully tried integrating the dominant musical styles of the time.[26] Conversely, Rolling Stone included the album on their list of the "100 Best Albums of the '90s", finding that "everything sounds vivified" on the record and that the band were "up for invigoration".[27]

Track listing

[edit]

All tracks are written by Mick Jagger and Keith Richards, except where noted.

Bridges to Babylon track listing
No.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length
1."Flip the Switch" 
3:28
2."Anybody Seen My Baby?"
4:31
3."Low Down" 
  • Was
  • The Glimmer Twins
4:26
4."Already Over Me" 
  • Was
  • The Glimmer Twins
5:24
5."Gunface" 
5:02
6."You Don't Have to Mean It" 
3:44
7."Out of Control" 
  • Was
  • The Glimmer Twins
4:43
8."Saint of Me" 
  • Dust Brothers
  • The Glimmer Twins
5:15
9."Might as Well Get Juiced" 
  • Dust Brothers
  • The Glimmer Twins
5:23
10."Always Suffering" 
  • Was
  • Pierre de Beauport
  • The Glimmer Twins
4:43
11."Too Tight" 
  • Was
  • The Glimmer Twins
3:33
12."Thief in the Night"
  • Jagger–Richards
  • de Beauport
  • Was
  • The Glimmer Twins
5:15
13."How Can I Stop" 
  • Was
  • The Glimmer Twins
6:53
Total length:62:27

Personnel

[edit]

Personnel adapted from CD liner notes[28]

The Rolling Stones

Additional musicians

Production

  • The Glimmer Twins – production (all tracks)
  • Don Was – production (all except 5, 8, 9)
  • The Dust Brothers – production (2, 8 and 9)
  • Rob Fraboni – production, mixing (6), engineering
  • Danny Saber – production (5)
  • Pierre de Beauport – production (10)
  • Tom Lord-Alge – mixing
  • John X Volaitis – mixing (5)
  • Bob Clearmountain – mixing (4)
  • Stefan Sagmeister – art direction and design
  • Hjalti Karlsson – design
  • Max Vadukul – photography
  • Kevin Murphy – illustration
  • Gerard Howland (Floating Company) – illustration
  • Alan Ayers – illustration

Charts

[edit]

Certifications and sales

[edit]
Certifications and sales for Bridges to Babylon
Region CertificationCertified units/sales
Argentina (CAPIF)[51] Platinum 60,000^
Austria (IFPI Austria)[52] Platinum 50,000*
Belgium (BRMA)[53] Gold 25,000*
Canada (Music Canada)[54] Platinum 100,000^
France (SNEP)[55] 2× Gold 200,000*
Germany (BVMI)[56] Platinum 500,000^
Italy — 90,000[57]
Japan (RIAJ)[58] Platinum 200,000^
Mexico (AMPROFON)[59] Gold 50,000[59]
Netherlands (NVPI)[60] Platinum 100,000^
Norway (IFPI Norway)[61] Gold 25,000*
Poland (ZPAV)[62] Gold 50,000*
Spain (Promusicae)[63] Platinum 100,000^
Sweden (GLF)[64] Gold 40,000^
Switzerland (IFPI Switzerland)[65] Platinum 50,000^
United Kingdom (BPI)[66] Gold 100,000^
United States (RIAA)[67] Platinum 1,160,000[68]
Summaries
Europe (IFPI)[69] Platinum 1,000,000*
Worldwide — 3,500,000[68]

* Sales figures based on certification alone.
^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.

References

[edit]
  1. 1 2 3 4 Davis, Stephen (2001). Old Gods Almost Dead: The 40-Year Odyssey of the Rolling Stones. Crown/Archetype. pp. 504–8. ISBN 0767909569.
  2. ↑ Janovitz, Bill (2013). "48: Saint of Me". Rocks Off: 50 Tracks That Tell the Story of the Rolling Stones. MacMillan. pp. 360–5. ISBN 978-1250026323.
  3. ↑ Richards, Keith; Fox James (2010). Life. Great Britain: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. p. 457. ISBN 978-0-297-85439-5.
  4. ↑ "Billboard". Nielsen Business Media, Inc. 8 November 1997. p. 63. Retrieved 20 May 2021 – via Google Books.
  5. ↑ "Rolling Stones "Bridges to Babylon"". Archived from the original on 28 March 2019. Retrieved 17 October 2016.
  6. ↑ "Gold and Platinum Database Search". Recording Industry Association of America. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 21 January 2010.
  7. ↑ Christman, Ed, et al. "Future Shock" Archived 30 January 2010 at the Wayback Machine. Billboard. 23 January 2010
  8. 1 2 Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "Bridges to Babylon – The Rolling Stones". AllMusic. Archived from the original on 21 October 2023. Retrieved 21 October 2023.
  9. 1 2 Christgau, Robert. "CG: Rolling Stones". robertchristgau.com. Archived from the original on 14 April 2026. Retrieved 20 July 2026.
  10. 1 2 3 "Bridges to Babylon | EW.com". Entertainment Weekly's EW.com.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
  11. 1 2 "NME.COM – THE ROLLING STONES – Bridges To Babylon – 20/9/97". NME. 17 August 2000. Archived from the original on 17 August 2000.
  12. 1 2 3 "Bridges to Babylon". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 4 December 2016.{{cite magazine}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
  13. ↑ Cross, Charles R. (2004). "The Rolling Stones". In Brackett, Nathan; Hoard, Christian (eds.). The New Rolling Stone Album Guide (4th ed.). Simon & Schuster. pp. 696. ISBN 0-7432-0169-8.
  14. 1 2 Perry, Andrew (November 1997). "New Albums". Select.
  15. 1 2 Hull, Tom (30 June 2018). "Streamnotes (June 2018)". tomhull.com. Archived from the original on 12 October 2020. Retrieved 11 February 2020.
  16. ↑ Hogan, Peter (November 1997). "Sympathy for the devils". Uncut. No. 6. p. 85.
  17. ↑ Gennaro, Lorraine (October 1997). "Records" (PDF). p. 34. Retrieved 20 July 2026 – via worldradiohistory.com.
  18. ↑ "J.T." (3 October 1997). "APM Picks" (PDF). p. 43. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 January 2026. Retrieved 20 July 2026 – via worldradiohistory.
  19. ↑ Richardson, Ken (December 1997). "It's Still Rock-and-Roll" (PDF). Stereo Review. p. 105. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 October 2025. Retrieved 20 July 2026 – via worldradiohistory.com.
  20. ↑ Cromelin, Richard (28 September 1997). "The Stones 'Babylon' and On..." Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 20 July 2026.
  21. 1 2 DeRiso, Nick (23 September 2017). "When the Rolling Stones Tried an Update on 'Bridges to Babylon'". Ultimate Classic Rock. Archived from the original on 28 April 2021. Retrieved 20 July 2026.
  22. ↑ "The Rolling Stones: every album ranked in order of greatness". NME. 10 October 2023. Archived from the original on 7 October 2025. Retrieved 20 July 2026.
  23. ↑ Wawzenek, Bryan (5 September 2023). "Rolling Stones Albums Ranked Worst to Best". Ultimate Classic Rock. Archived from the original on 18 June 2026. Retrieved 20 July 2026.
  24. ↑ Fortnam, Ian (7 November 2023). "Every Rolling Stones album ranked from worst to best". Louder Sound. Archived from the original on 17 May 2026. Retrieved 20 July 2026.
  25. ↑ Wright, Steve (19 June 2026). "We ranked all 26 Rolling Stones albums – but did the 'Big Four' sweep the top spots?". Classical Music. Archived from the original on 17 May 2026. Retrieved 20 July 2026.
  26. ↑ Wenzel, John (24 October 2023). "Every Rolling Stones Album, Ranked". Esquire. Archived from the original on 15 July 2026. Retrieved 20 July 2026.
  27. ↑ "100 Best Albums of the '90s". Rolling Stone. 4 October 2019. Archived from the original on 28 May 2025. Retrieved 20 July 2026.
  28. ↑ Bridges To Babylon (CD liner notes). The Rolling Stones. 1997.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
  29. ↑ "Australiancharts.com – The Rolling Stones – Bridges to Babylon". Hung Medien. Retrieved 12 March 2023.
  30. ↑ "Austriancharts.at – The Rolling Stones – Bridges to Babylon" (in German). Hung Medien. Retrieved 12 March 2023.
  31. ↑ "Ultratop.be – The Rolling Stones – Bridges to Babylon" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved 12 March 2023.
  32. ↑ "Ultratop.be – The Rolling Stones – Bridges to Babylon" (in French). Hung Medien. Retrieved 12 March 2023.
  33. ↑ "The Rolling Stones Chart History (Canadian Albums)". Billboard. Retrieved 12 March 2023.
  34. ↑ "Top National Sellers: Denmark" (PDF). Music & Media. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 July 2021. Retrieved 25 July 2023.
  35. ↑ "Dutchcharts.nl – The Rolling Stones – Bridges to Babylon" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved 12 March 2023.
  36. ↑ "The Rolling Stones: Bridges to Babylon" (in Finnish). Musiikkituottajat – IFPI Finland. Retrieved 12 March 2023.
  37. ↑ "Lescharts.com – The Rolling Stones – Bridges to Babylon". Hung Medien. Retrieved 12 March 2023.
  38. ↑ "Offiziellecharts.de – The Rolling Stones – Bridges to Babylon" (in German). GfK Entertainment charts. Retrieved 12 March 2023.
  39. ↑ "Album Top 40 slágerlista – 1997. 43. hét" (in Hungarian). MAHASZ. Retrieved 6 January 2026.
  40. ↑ "Classifiche". Musica e Dischi (in Italian). Archived from the original on 1 December 2016. Retrieved 27 May 2022. Set "Tipo" on "Album". Then, in the "Artista" field, search "Rolling Stones".
  41. ↑ Oricon Album Chart Book: Complete Edition 1970–2005 (in Japanese). Roppongi, Tokyo: Oricon Entertainment. 2006. ISBN 4-87131-077-9.
  42. ↑ "Charts.nz – The Rolling Stones – Bridges to Babylon". Hung Medien. Retrieved 12 March 2023.
  43. ↑ "Norwegiancharts.com – The Rolling Stones – Bridges to Babylon". Hung Medien. Retrieved 12 March 2023.
  44. ↑ Salaverri, Fernando (September 2005). Sólo éxitos: año a año, 1959–2002 (1st ed.). Spain: Fundación Autor-SGAE. ISBN 84-8048-639-2.
  45. ↑ "Swedishcharts.com – The Rolling Stones – Bridges to Babylon". Hung Medien. Retrieved 12 March 2023.
  46. ↑ "Swisscharts.com – The Rolling Stones – Bridges to Babylon". Hung Medien. Retrieved 12 March 2023.
  47. ↑ "The Rolling Stones Songs and Albums | Full Official Chart History". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 12 March 2023.
  48. ↑ "The Rolling Stones Chart History (Billboard 200)". Billboard. Retrieved 12 March 2023.
  49. ↑ "Top 100 Album-Jahrescharts" (in German). GfK Entertainment. Archived from the original on 9 May 2015. Retrieved 8 September 2016.
  50. ↑ "Top 100 Album-Jahrescharts" (in German). GfK Entertainment. Archived from the original on 15 March 2016. Retrieved 8 September 2016.
  51. ↑ "Argentinian album certifications – Rolling Stones – Bridges to Babylon". Argentine Chamber of Phonograms and Videograms Producers.
  52. ↑ "Austrian album certifications – The Rolling Stones – Bridges to Babylon" (in German). IFPI Austria.
  53. ↑ "Ultratop − Goud en Platina – albums 1997". Ultratop. Hung Medien.
  54. ↑ "Canadian album certifications – The Rolling Stones – Bridges to Babylon". Music Canada.
  55. ↑ "French album certifications – The Rolling Stones – Bridges to Babylon" (in French). SNEP.
  56. ↑ "Gold-/Platin-Datenbank (The Rolling Stones; 'Bridges to Babylon')" (in German). Bundesverband Musikindustrie.
  57. ↑ "Gli Stones a Milano, ma senza compenso". Corriere della Sera (in Italian). 29 April 1998. Archived from the original on 11 September 2017. Retrieved 29 November 2021. "Ma il loro ultimo album "Bridges to Babylon", in Italia ha venduto 90 mila copie
  58. ↑ "Japanese album certifications – Rolling Stones – Bridges to Babylon" (in Japanese). Recording Industry Association of Japan. Retrieved 28 May 2020. Select 1997年10月 on the drop-down menu
  59. 1 2 "A presentation "gold" record award for The Rolling Stones album Bridges to Babylon (Virgin Records, 1997). Presented to Ronnie Wood by EMI Music Mexico, to commemorate the sale of more than 50,000 units of the album". 20 December 2022.
  60. ↑ "Dutch album certifications – Rolling Stones – Bridges to Babylon" (in Dutch). Nederlandse Vereniging van Producenten en Importeurs van beeld- en geluidsdragers. Retrieved 19 June 2019. Enter Bridges to Babylon in the "Artiest of titel" box. Select 1998 in the drop-down menu saying "Alle jaargangen".
  61. ↑ "Norwegian album certifications – Rolling Stones – Bridges to Babylon" (in Norwegian). IFPI Norway.
  62. ↑ "Wyróżnienia – Złote płyty CD - Archiwum - Przyznane w 1998 roku" (in Polish). Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry. Archived from the original on 26 November 2024. Retrieved 18 April 2021.
  63. ↑ Salaverrie, Fernando (September 2005). Sólo éxitos: año a año, 1959–2002 (PDF) (in Spanish) (1st ed.). Madrid: Fundación Autor/SGAE. p. 947. ISBN 84-8048-639-2. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 December 2016. Retrieved 6 October 2019.
  64. ↑ "Guld- och Platinacertifikat − År 1987−1998" (PDF) (in Swedish). IFPI Sweden. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 May 2011.
  65. ↑ "The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community: Awards ('Bridges to Babylon')". IFPI Switzerland. Hung Medien.
  66. ↑ "British album certifications – Rolling Stones – Bridges to Babylon". British Phonographic Industry. Select albums in the Formats field. Type Bridges to Babylon Rolling Stones in the "Search:" field.
  67. ↑ "American album certifications – Rolling Stones, The – Bridges to Babylon". Recording Industry Association of America.
  68. 1 2 Newman, Melinda (6 August 2005). "Rock Royalty". Billboard. Vol. 117, no. 32. p. 18. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
  69. ↑ "IFPI Platinum Europe Awards – 1998". International Federation of the Phonographic Industry.
[edit]
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