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1930 Polish parliamentary election

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Brest elections)

1930 Polish parliamentary election
← 1928
16 November 1930 (1930-11-16) (Sejm)
23 November 1930 (1930-11-23) (Senate)
1935 →
Registered15,791,278 (Sejm)
10,894,325 (Senate)
Sejm
All 444 seats in the Sejm
223 seats needed for a majority
Turnout11,816,413 (74.83%)
Decrease 3.5 pp
  Majority party Minority party Third party
 
Leader Walery Sławek Various[a] Joachim Bartoszewicz
Party BBWR Centrolew LN
Last election 21.0%, 125 seats New[b] 8.1%, 38 seats[c]
Seats won 249 79 63
Seat change Increase 124 New[b] Increase 25[c]
Popular vote 5,292,725 6,629,402 1,443,165
Percentage 46.7% 17.3% 12.7%
Swing Increase 25.7 pp New[b] Increase 4.6 pp[c]
  Fourth party Fifth party Sixth party
 
Leader Dmytro Levytsky[d] Antoni Ponikowski Eugen Naumann[e]
Party UBBW PBK NBW
Last election New[f] New[g] New[h]
Seats won 21 14 5
Seat change New[f] New[g] New[h]
Popular vote 725,984 430,074 309,713
Percentage 6.4% 3.8% 2.7%
Swing New[f] New[g] New[h]
Senate
All 111 seats in the Senate
56 seats needed for a majority
Turnout6,797,188 (63.43%)
Decrease 0.5pp
Party Vote % Seats +/–
BBWR 54.66 77 +29
Centrolew 12.99 13 New
LN 12.98 12 +3
UBBW 6.39 4 New
NBW 3.48 3 New
PBK 2.36 2 New
This lists parties that won seats. See the complete results below.
Sejm – results by constituency
Government before Government after election
Second Piłsudski cabinet [pl]
BBWR		 Second Sławek cabinet [pl]
BBWR

Parliamentary elections were held in Poland on 16 November 1930, with Senate elections held a week later on 23 November.[1] In what became known as the Brest elections (Polish: Wybory brzeskie), the pro-Sanation Nonpartisan Bloc for Cooperation with the Government took 47% of the vote and 249 of the 444 seats in Sejm and 77 of the 111 seats in the Senate. The elections are known as the least free elections in the Second Polish Republic due to the Brest trial controversy.

Controversy

[edit]

The elections were rigged by the pro-Sanacja elements in the Polish government[2][3] under the control of Józef Piłsudski (although Piłsudski left most of the details of the internal politics to others).[4] After the BBWR came up well short of a majority in the 1928 elections, Sanacja and Piłsudski left nothing to chance.[citation needed]

Satirical drawing from Hasło Łódzkie newspaper, 5 October 1930. The text: "From the series: 'Most popular Polish spa towns' - Brest-on-the-Bug." The picture is a reference to the Brest trial and the "Brest elections", when many Polish politicians of the Centrolew party were imprisoned in the Brest Fortress (pictured).

The elections were supposed to take place in May, but the government invalidated the May results by disbanding the parliament in August[3] and with increasing pressure on the opposition started a new campaign, the new elections being scheduled to November.[5] Using the anti-government demonstrations as a pretext, 20[3] members of the oppositions, including most of the leaders of Centrolew alliance (from the Polish Socialist Party, Polish People's Party "Piast" and Polish People's Party "Wyzwolenie") were arrested[4] in September without a warrant, only on the order of the minister of internal security, Felicjan Sławoj Składkowski accusing them of plotting an anti-government coup.[6] The opposition members (who included the former prime minister Wincenty Witos, and the Silesian national hero, Wojciech Korfanty) were imprisoned in the Brest Fortress, where their trial took place (thus the popular name for the election: the 'Brest election'). A number of less known activists were arrested throughout the country. They were released after the end of the election in the same month. The Brest trial ended in January 1932, with 10 accused receiving sentences up to three years of imprisonment. Some of them decided to emigrate instead.[4]

In addition, the minorities were also discriminated against;[7] the government crackdown on opposition was especially hard in the eastern provinces,[3][8] affecting the Ukrainian and Belarusian Electoral Bloc.

On 24 November 1930, Time, in its coverage of the elections, wrote:

During the campaign which ended in Poland's general election last week, opposition papers were so mercilessly censored that some were reduced to printing pictures of Friedrich Nietzsche (1844–1900) with the caption: He Died Crazy. Because Dictator Jozef Pilsudski has publicly made such statements as that "Parliament is a prostitute!" (Time, July 9, 1928) and because he somewhat resembles Philosopher Nietzsche in face and whiskers, his government promptly confiscated all Nietzschean campaign pictures, all papers in which they appeared.[9]

Despite the governments pressure, the opposition members (from Centrolew and endecja) still sat in the parliament,[10] soon in the new parliament they tried to pass the motion of no confidence to the new government. The imprisonment and trial of political opponents was a setback for Polish democracy, but no genuinely open trials of political opponents such as the one in Poland took place elsewhere in contemporary Central Europe[6] The exception was the 1933 Berlin trial of the Bulgarian communist Georgy M. Dimitrov. The success of BBWR, while certainly enhanced by the government crackdown on opposition, also stemmed from the fact that Sanacja and Piłsudski's held considerable support, and the Centrolew politicians were viewed as incapable in preventing the economic crisis (Great Depression).[11] The Centrolew coalition fell apart in 1931 due to internal conflicts.[citation needed]

Results

[edit]

Sejm

[edit]
Party or allianceVotes%Seats+/–
Nonpartisan Bloc for Cooperation with the Government5,292,72546.70249+124
CentrolewPolish Socialist Party1,965,86417.3523–42
Peasant Party18–8
Polish People's Party "Piast"15–2
Polish People's Party "Wyzwolenie"15–25
National Workers' Party8–6
Total79–89
National List1,443,16512.7363+25
Ukrainian and Belarusian Electoral Bloc725,9846.4121+4
People's Catholic Bloc430,0743.7914–20
German Electoral Bloc309,7132.735–
Unity of Workers and Peasants232,3142.0540
Bloc of the Defence of the Rights of the Jewish Nation246,8402.182–
Jewish National Bloc184,9681.634–
All-Jewish National Economic Bloc150,1461.321–
Socialists' Bloc52,4330.461–
ZLCh Samopomoc [pl]22,9190.201–
Polish Socialist Party – former Revolutionary Faction [pl]74,0960.650–
Bloc of the Socialist LeftGeneral Jewish Labour Bund in Poland71,1230.630–
Independent Socialist Labour Party–
Sel-Rob "Jedność" [pl]23,7220.210–
Poale Zion19,2060.170–
Central Union of Cultural and Economic Organizations12,3590.110–
Ruska Selańska Organizacja11,4650.100–1
Ukrainian Labour Party [pl]10,7440.0900
Polish Socialist Party – Left [pl]7,9580.070–
Monarchists1,8160.0200
Others44,1610.390–
Total11,333,795100.004440
Valid votes11,333,79595.92
Invalid/blank votes482,6184.08
Total votes11,816,413100.00
Registered voters/turnout15,791,27874.83
Source: [12]

Senate

[edit]
PartyVotes%Seats+/–
Nonpartisan Bloc for Cooperation with the Government3,715,27354.6677+29
Centrolew882,63612.9913–
National List882,21512.9812+3
Ukrainian and Belarusian Electoral Bloc434,0426.394+2
German Electoral Bloc236,4713.483–18
People's Catholic Bloc160,4442.362–4
All-Jewish National Economic Bloc148,5222.190–
Bloc of the Defence of the Rights of the Jewish Nation146,7262.160–
Jewish National Bloc79,3581.170–
Unity of Workers and Peasants60,4450.890–
Socialists' Bloc15,7130.230–
Polish Socialist Party – former Revolutionary Faction [pl]10,5100.150–
Sel-Rob "Jedność" [pl]8,7630.130–
Ruska Sielańska Organizacja7,5940.110–
Central Union of Cultural and Economic Organizations1,7440.030–
Polish Socialist Party – Left [pl]1430.000–
Others6,5890.100–
Total6,797,188100.001110
Valid votes6,797,18898.36
Invalid/blank votes113,4031.64
Total votes6,910,591100.00
Registered voters/turnout10,894,32563.43
Source: [12]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ↑ The leaders of the five Centrolew parties were Mieczysław Niedziałkowski—Polish Socialist Party, Jan Dąbski—Peasant Party, Wincenty Witos—Polish People's Party "Piast", Maksymilian Malinowski—Polish People's Party "Wyzwolenie" and Karol Popiel—National Workers' Party.
  2. 1 2 3 Centrolew was a coalition that included the Polish Socialist Party (which received 13.0% of the vote and 64 seats in the 1928 parliamentary election), Peasant Party (5.4%, 25 seats), Polish People's Party "Piast" (6.8% and 34 seats together with the Polish Christian Democratic Party), Polish People's Party "Wyzwolenie" (7.3%, 41 seats) and National Workers' Party (2.0%, 11 seats).
  3. 1 2 3 In 1928 as Popular National Union under the Catholic-National Bloc electoral list
  4. ↑ As chairman of the Ukrainian National Democratic Alliance, which organized the Ukrainian and Belarusian Electoral Bloc.
  5. ↑ As chairman of the German Parliamentary Club in 1928–1930.
  6. 1 2 3 The Ukrainian and Belarusian Electoral Bloc was the list of the Ukrainian National Democratic Alliance and allied Ukrainian and Belarusian parties. In the 1928 parliamentary election, together with other minority parties in the Bloc of National Minorities, it received 12.6% of the vote and 55 seats.
  7. 1 2 3 The People's Catholic Bloc was the list of the Polish Christian Democratic Party. In the 1928 parliamentary election, together with the Polish People's Party "Piast", it received 6.8% of the vote and 34 seats.
  8. 1 2 3 The German Electoral Bloc was the list of the German Parliamentary Club. In the 1928 parliamentary election, together with other minority parties in the Bloc of National Minorities, it received 12.6% of the vote and 55 seats.

References

[edit]
  1. ↑ Dieter Nohlen & Philip Stöver (2010) Elections in Europe: A data handbook, p1491 ISBN 978-3-8329-5609-7
  2. ↑ Norman Davies (1982). God's Playground, a History of Poland: 1795 to the present. Columbia University Press. pp. 422–. ISBN 978-0-231-05353-2. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
  3. 1 2 3 4 Andrzej Paczkowski; Jane Cave (2003). The spring will be ours: Poland and the Poles from occupation to freedom. Penn State Press. pp. 28–. ISBN 978-0-271-02308-3. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
  4. 1 2 3 Richard Crampton; Ben Crampton (1997). Atlas of Eastern Europe in the twentieth century. Routledge. pp. 103–. ISBN 978-0-415-16461-0. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
  5. ↑ Timothy Snyder (2005). Sketches from a secret war: a Polish artist's mission to liberate Soviet Ukraine. Yale University Press. pp. 73–. ISBN 978-0-300-10670-1. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
  6. 1 2 Anna M. Cienciala (Fall 2007) [2002]. "DOMESTIC PROBLEMS AND FOREIGN POLICIES OF INTERWAR EAST EUROPEAN STATES". Retrieved 2011-11-14.[dead link]
  7. ↑ Richard Blanke (1993). Orphans of Versailles: the Germans in Western Poland, 1918-1939. University Press of Kentucky. pp. 97–. ISBN 978-0-8131-1803-1. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
  8. ↑ Karl Cordell (18 October 2000). Poland and the European Union. Psychology Press. pp. 187–. ISBN 978-0-415-23885-4. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
  9. ↑ "POLAND: Nietzschean Election". Time. 1930-11-24. Archived from the original on April 12, 2005. Retrieved 2011-11-14.
  10. ↑ Michael H. Bernhard (1993). The origins of democratization in Poland: workers, intellectuals, and oppositional politics, 1976-1980. Columbia University Press. pp. 211–. ISBN 978-0-231-08093-4. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
  11. ↑ "Kalendarium wydarzeń - Kalendarium - Polska.pl". Wiadomosci.polska.pl. Archived from the original on January 18, 2007. Retrieved 2011-11-14.
  12. 1 2 Statystyka Wyborów do Sejmu i Senatu z dnia 16 i 23 Listopada 1930 roku (PDF). Warsaw. 1935. p. XXX.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
[edit]
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