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Animal sanctuary

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Bird Sanctuary)
The Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary in India

An animal sanctuary is a facility where animals are brought to live and to be protected for the rest of their lives.[1] Some sanctuaries focus on a particular genus, species or geographic region, while others may cater to farmed animals or wildlife more generally.

Unlike zoos, sanctuaries do not breed animals, exhibit them for human entertainment, offer visitors the chance to touch untrained animals, or use animals commercially.[2][3][4] Unlike animal shelters, sanctuaries typically do not seek to find new human homes for animals; they provide a safe haven for each animal until their natural death. In some cases, an establishment may have characteristics of both a sanctuary and a shelter,[5] however, assisting in rehoming when needed. Animals are not bought, sold, or traded, nor are they used for testing or experimentation, although sanctuaries may be used to research animal behavior in a non-invasive way.[6] Additionally, no parts of nor secretions from the animals, such as eggs, wool, milk, fur, feathers, fangs, claws, hooves, horns, antlers, or tusks, are commodified. The resident animals are given the opportunity to behave as naturally as possible in a protective environment.[1]

Overview

[edit]
A beautiful watering hole in the Sunabeda Wildlife Sanctuary

What distinguishes a sanctuary from other institutions is the philosophy that the residents come first. In a sanctuary, every action is scrutinized for any trace of human benefit at the expense of non-human residents. Sanctuaries act on behalf of the animals, and the caregivers work under the notion that all animals in the sanctuary, human and non-human, are of equal importance. Some sanctuaries provide care for multiple species, while others focus on a single species.

A legitimate sanctuary avoids activities that place animals in an unduly stressful situations.[7] Thus, they do not sell daily access to the animals, in the manner of zoos. Most sanctuaries are also not government-funded and are usually nonprofit. Public help is accepted by sanctuaries in the form of volunteering, monetary contributions, donations of food and materials, spreading the word, and in some cases, adoption.[8]

One of the most important missions of sanctuaries, beyond caring for the animals, is educating the public. The ultimate goal of many sanctuaries is to change the way that humans think of, and treat, non-human animals.[9] Some sanctuaries extend their principle of non-violence to include non-resident animals by enforcing vegetarian or vegan policies on staff and visitors.[10]

Companion animal sanctuaries

[edit]
The Torre Argentina Cat Sanctuary in Rome

A companion animal sanctuary is a large-scale no-kill shelter that offers lifelong care to dogs, cats, rabbits, horses, pigs, birds, snakes, turtles, tortoises, lizards, and other companion animals who were abandoned, abused, or neglected, outlived their caregivers, or are at risk of being unneccesarily euthanized.[11][12]

Sanctuaries raise awarness of the plight of dogs in puppy mills, advocate for no-kill policies in shelters, and educate the public on humane methods of controlling feral cat populations.[13][14]

Domestic animal sanctuaries

[edit]

Domestic animal sanctuaries care for dogs and cats.[15] They may also care for horses, rabbits, pigs, and other domestic animals. Unlike traditional shelters, domestic animal sanctuaries often house animals who are feral, have special needs, or are otherwise unlikely to be adopted.[16] Some domestic animal sanctuaries care exclusively for feral animals.[17][18][19][20][21] Sanctuaries that house both ferals and abandoned animals may keep them together if they are the same species,[22][23][24] but may keep ferals segregated from other domestic animals if they believe it is in the animals' best interest.[25]

Community-based model

[edit]

The community-based model encourages people to see cats who were born outdoors as traumatized domesticated animals living without safety, care, or protection. Proponents of the community-based model reject the term "feral", instead opting for terms such as "community cats", "outdoor cats", "homless cats", or "unsocialized cats", believing that a trauma-informed approach could improve the lives of millions of homeless cats and reshape animal welfare policy.[26][27]

Bird sanctuaries

[edit]
The Kalametiya Bird Sanctuary in Sri Lanka

Bird sanctuaries, or aviaries, care for birds, including parrots who have outlived their caregivers, chickens who have been rescued from factory farms, and native birds who have lost their homes to habitat destruction. These sanctuaries provide large enclosures or free-flight areas for birds to live naturally.[16][28][29]

Conservation model

[edit]

The conservation model provides for the conservation, protection and management of different species of native birds by establishing a system of preserves that are set aside for their habitation and protected from human depredation and interference.[30] They may offer hands-on interaction with trained birds, or "ambassadors", to help foster empathy.[31][32]

Retirement model

[edit]

The retirement model provides refuge for exotic birds who have been abandoned or outlived their caregivers, farmed birds who have been rescued from factory farms or slaughterhouses, and birds who have been used for sports such as pigeon racing.[33][34][35]

History

[edit]

Charles Waterton (1782-1865) possibly formed the first nature reserve and bird sanctuary when he built a nine foot wall round the grounds of his house, Walton Hall, in 1826.[36]

Wildlife sanctuaries

[edit]
A beaver lodge in a pond at the Pleasant Valley Wildlife Sanctuary in Lenox, Massachusetts

A wildlife sanctuary is a nature reserve that offers protection to native animals who are no longer able to survive to the wild due to being sick, injured, orphaned, or aculturated to human caregivers. Wildlife sanctuaries are in some cases able to return animals to their natural habitats after nursing them back to health.[16][37][38] Sanctuaries that care for more than one species may allow interspecies interaction but keep predators segregated from prey.[39][40]

History

[edit]

While cultural practices that roughly equate to the establishment and maintenance of reserved areas for native animals date back to antiquity, the earliest modern wildlife sanctuary was founded in 1927 as the Lone Pine Koala Sanctuary in Queensland, Australia.[41][42]

Equine sanctuaries

[edit]
The Moon Mountain Sanctuary in Queensland, Australia

Equine sanctuaries care for donkeys, horses, mules, and hinnies who have been abused, abandoned, seized by law enforcement, or rescued from slaughter or unecessary euthanasia.[15]

Conservation model

[edit]

The conservation model focuses on preserving rare bloodlines and maintaining the natural behavior of equine herds. This is achieved through providing feral equines with an environment that mimics the environment they were born in and minimizing human intervention as much as possible. The conservation model avoids of spay-and-neuter, instead opting for temporary, reversable methods of population control such as contraceptives fired from a dart gun.[43][44][45][46][47]

Rehabilitation model

[edit]


Exotic animal sanctuaries

[edit]
The Monkey Sanctuary in Looe, England

An exotic animal sanctuary provides a safe home for non-native animals (including captive-bred animals of native species), including animals who were rescued from roadside zoos, circuses, private homes, and unneccesary euthanasia.[16] Unlike zoos, these sanctuaries prioritize animal welfare over public display.[48][49][50] Additionally, these sanctuaries educate the public on the harm caused by roadside zoos and the wildlife trade.[38] Sanctuaries are the only facilities that accept hybrids between domestic and wild species, such as wolfdogs and bengal cats.[51][52]

Reptile sanctuaries

[edit]

Reptile sanctuaries provide care for as snakes, turtles, tortoises, lizards, alligators, and crocodiles who have been abandoned, abused, or confiscated from caregivers who kept them illegally. Unlike companion animal sanctuaries, they may also take in reptiles rescued from roadside zoos.[53] Unlike exotic animal sanctuaries, they may offer hands-on interaction with habituated reptiles, or "ambassadors", to help foster empathy.[54][32]

Farmed animal sanctuaries

[edit]
The Old Farm Sanctuary in New Jersey

Farmed animal sanctuaries (FAS) provide care, shelter and advocacy of farmed animal species such as chickens, cows, goats, pigs, and others[16][55] The farm sanctuary layout tends to resemble traditional farms, however, functions differently.[56]

FAS as a movement began with Gene Baur, the co-founder of Farm Sanctuary, the first official farm sanctuary that opened in 1986.[57] The daily tasks of a FAS involve the primary guardians, volunteers and at time visitors. Livestock guardian dogs may also be trained to protect residents from predators.[58] Each day is structured by routines such as feeding, care and health procedures, as well as cleaning and maintenance.

Points of conflict for sanctuaries include human intervention in matters of sterilizing animals and species segregation. Effective altruists have critiqued FAS's ability to reduce animal suffering as demonstrated in the "arithmetic of compassion", a utilitarian measure of advocacy that applies mathematical formulas to reduce suffering in light of individual lives.[9] Jon Bockman of Animal Charity Evaluators, states, "expending too many resources on direct rescue results in less money directed toward education and a lower overall impact in helping animals, and all advocates should give consideration to this concern when deciding how best to help animals".[59]

Many sanctuaries struggle due to lack of capacity and the large numbers for animals abandoned by humans who purchased them as companions.[60]

FAS models

[edit]

Sue Donaldson and Will Kymlicka have outlined two different types of FAS models. FAS can be distinguished by ascribing to either refuge and advocacy model or intentional community model.[56]

Refuge- and advocacy-based models

[edit]

Refuge- and advocacy-based models are the most standard. These sanctuaries are found in traditional agricultural communities in part because of the physical and legal infrastructure. Six characteristics of this model include: duty of care, support for species-typical flourishing, recognition of individuality, non-exploitation, non-perpetuation, and awareness and advocacy.[56] The latter characteristic has launched a series of questions into the effectiveness of the educational component of sanctuaries.

Intentional community model

[edit]

The intentional community model addresses the shortcomings of the standard sanctuary model by focusing on movement building that includes a spectrum of speciesist issues such as developing farmed animal veterinary care that exist outside of standard practices that have aimed at meeting animal agricultural interests.[61] The six characteristics of the intentional community model include: belonging, absence of fixed hierarchical relationships, self-determination, citizenship, dependent agency, and scaffolded choices and reconfigured spaces.[56] These characteristics redress some of the critiques of the refuge and advocacy model by grounding sanctuary practices in animal agency and expanding the geographical boundaries of where animals can live. Expanding the geographies in which farmed animals are found serve as a corrective to forming human-farmed animal friendships.[62]

An example of the intentional sanctuary model can be found in the Microsanctuary Movement started by Rosemary and Justin Van Kleeck.[63] The Microsanctuary Movement encourages city-dwellers to rescue farmed animals to expand what species are considered to be companion animals.

Similarly, Darren Chang, co-founder of the Riverdale Farm Sanctuary Project has launched a campaign to transform Riverdale Farms, an urban farm in Toronto into a FAS advocating for: 1) Animal Rescue, Refuge, and Advocacy, 2) Compassion and Nonviolence, 3) Ecological and Food Justice and Compassionate Interspecies Community.

Expanding beyond the traditional role of a safe haven for farmed animals, sanctuaries can also be understood as playing political roles in transforming the political and spatial lives of animal residents and their broader species communities leaning into pioneering a less-speciesist future.[citation needed]

Cetacean sanctuaries

[edit]
The Ricketts Point Marine Sanctuary in Parks Victoria

Cetacean sanctuaries, or marine life sanctuaries, are designed for autonomy and well-being, enabling as natural a life as possible in ocean water.[16] Lifetime of care is provided for these whales, dolphins, or porpoises. Like other wild animals who have spent much or all of their lives in zoos, cetaceans who have lived in marine parks for most or all of their lives are potentially poor candidates for reintroduction and, therefore, sanctuaries are an alternative to living on display or in entertainment facilities.[64] Sanctuary site selection, as far as size, water quality, protection from hazards and weather events, and more, introduce unique considerations for finding a location.[65]

The need for cetacean sanctuaries is  quickly emerging due to shifting regulations and changes in public attitudes toward cetaceans in captivity.[66][64] With an estimated 3,600 cetaceans in captivity globally,[67] the need for spacious natural ocean environments that provide feeding and care is increasing, as globally marine parks and aquariums move away from whales and dolphins in their facilities. A primary criticism of commercial facilities is that animals are expected to perform unnatural behaviors for audiences in spaces that are small and cannot adequately approximate a natural setting.[64][68]

The first cetacean sanctuary for belugas opened in August 2020 by SEA LIFE Trust, as two belugas "Little Grey" and "Little White" were transported 6,000 miles from an aquarium in China to the first open-water whale sanctuary for belugas in Iceland.[69] The Whale Sanctuary Project is creating a coastal sanctuary for beluga whales and orcas in Port Hilford, Nova Scotia and plans to welcome their first residents in late 2023, assuming the project gets the required federal and provincial permits.[70] The National Aquarium in Baltimore, Maryland, is seeking a Caribbean location to create a warm water seaside dolphin sanctuary to become the permanent home for the dolphins currently at their facility.[71] And the Archipelagos Institute of Marine Conservation is planning to create the Aegean Marine Life Sanctuary for previously captive dolphins on the island of Lipsi, south of Samos in the eastern Aegean Sea.[72]

Like other animal sanctuaries, cetacean sanctuaries adhere to a set of principles that put the animals first above the needs of the public, researchers, donors or other stakeholders. In cetacean sanctuaries, each animal's physical and mental well-being is the priority and the mission is to provide an environment where the cetacean residents can thrive.[64]

Services provided

[edit]
A veterinarian examines her patient's teeth to check hygiene status.

Animal sanctuary services include spaying and neutering, hygiene, and physical well-being.[73] These services are mainly performed by licensed veterinarians. Other positions that can be held by people at sanctuaries include specialized animal trainers, groomers, and volunteers.[74] When it comes to new residents, they are typically not used to living with a large population of their kind and can be easily overwhelmed or agitated. Because of this, they can be held for a certain amount of time before being admitted to the general public. In this time, veterinarians study the new animal's behavioral and dietary habits and try for a smooth transition into the sanctuary's environment. Also, some species of animals, dogs for example, are social creatures. In isolation they get lonely and become depressed. Animal sanctuaries often accommodate these types of animals by putting them in living quarters where they're in groups or pairs that they fit well with.[75] Enrichment activities are also available for the residents.

Accreditation

[edit]

The primary US-based organization that provides accreditation and support for animal sanctuaries is the Global Federation of Animal Sanctuaries.[76] An earlier organization, American Sanctuary Association, ceased operations. In the United States, sanctuaries must also be licensed by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) and regularly inspected by the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) for compliance with the Animal Welfare Act..[76]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. 1 2 Tom Regan (2006). Jaulas Vacías. El Desafío de los Derechos de los Animales (in Spanish). Barcelona: Fundación Altarriba. p. 111. ISBN 978-84-611-0672-1.
  2. ↑ "What is a Sanctuary". Global Federation of Animal Sanctuaries. May 23, 2026. Retrieved May 23, 2026.
  3. ↑ "Frequently Asked Questions". Animal Sanctuary Association. May 23, 2026. Retrieved May 23, 2026.
  4. ↑ Casamitjana, Jordi. "When Is an Animal Sanctuary Not a True Sanctuary?". Vegan FTA. Vegan FTA. Retrieved 28 September 2026.
  5. ↑ Successful rehoming requires a coordinated and cooperative approach, and it is important that research establishments, rehoming organisations, animal welfare organisations and veterinarians work together to achieve an appropriate outcome for animals at the end of their use in research. https://www.animalethics.org.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/1275251/Research-Animal-Rehoming-Guidelines.pdf
  6. ↑ "Why should sanctuaries and researchers collaborate?". Why Sanctuaries?. Duke University. Retrieved 14 September 2026.
  7. ↑ "How To Find A Real Sanctuary - Horizon Guides". horizontravelpress.com. Retrieved 2018-07-11.
  8. ↑ "Donate or Sponsor an Animal | Home for Life". www.homeforlife.org. Retrieved 2020-04-14.
  9. 1 2 Pachitat, Timothy. "Sanctuary". In Gruen, Lori (ed.). Critical Terms for Animal Studies. The University of Chicago Press. pp. 335–355.
  10. ↑ "List of Policy Leaders". Food for Thought. Food for Thought. Retrieved 30 September 2026.
  11. ↑ "Best Friends Animal Sanctuary offers critters amongst beautiful scenery". NEON. Las Vegas Review-Journal, Inc. Retrieved 28 September 2026.
  12. ↑ Castanò, O’Shea, Poirier, Ermanno, Janet, Nathan (August 2021). "Journal for Critical Animal Studies" (PDF). Journal for Critical Animal Studies. 18 (3). Retrieved 28 September 2026.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  13. ↑ Clifton, Merritt. "Best Friends' no-kill by 2025 goal is not just rolling over & playing dead". Animals 24-7. Animals 24-7. Retrieved 28 September 2026.
  14. ↑ "RUFFIAN FOUNDATION". Candid. Candid. Retrieved 28 September 2026.
  15. 1 2 Sussman, Kathryn. "About Animal Sanctuaries and Rescue Centers". Zoocheck. Zoocheck. Retrieved 20 Oct 2019.
  16. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Vital Role of Animal Sanctuaries". Better Life for Animals. Better Life for Animals. Retrieved 15 July 2026.
  17. ↑ Mayntz, Melissa. "How to Get Rid of Stray Cats". The Spruce. People Inc. Retrieved 27 September 2026.
  18. ↑ Parker, Richard. "How To Stop Cats From Peeing And Pooping in Your Yard". Senior Cat Wellness. SeniorCatWellness.com. Retrieved 28 September 2026.
  19. ↑ Black, Annetta. "Torre Argentina (Roman Cat Sanctuary)". Atlas Obscura. Atlas Obscura. Retrieved 19 September 2026.
  20. ↑ Richards, Michael. "Infectious Disease - Feline Leukemia". Vetinfo. MH Sub I, LLC dba Internet Brands. Retrieved 28 September 2026.
  21. ↑ "Trap, Neuter, and Release (TNR)". Nashville Cat Rescue. Nashville Cat Rescue. Retrieved 28 September 2026.
  22. ↑ Fox, Douglas. "A sanctuary that's 600 cats' meows". CSMonitor.com. The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 28 September 2026.
  23. ↑ Duncan, Siena. "Rescuers save wild horse, foal trapped by Lake Powell's rising waters". The Salt Lake Tribune. The Salt Lake Tribune. Retrieved 28 September 2026.
  24. ↑ Desai, Shail. "In the Himalayas, growing population of feral dogs poses threat to wildlife, humans". firstpost.com. Firstpost. Retrieved 28 September 2026.
  25. ↑ Brown, Amber. "Domesticated, Feral, Or Wild: What's The Difference?". The Open Sanctuary Project. The Open Sanctuary Project, Inc. Retrieved 28 September 2026.
  26. ↑ Bleicher, LeesaMaree. "The Myth of the "Feral" Cat: Understanding the Hidden Trauma of America's Homeless Cats". The Observatory. Independent Media Institute. Retrieved 28 September 2026.
  27. ↑ Falconer, Julie. "Why words matter: 'Feral' cats". HumanePro. Humane World for Animals. Retrieved 28 September 2026.
  28. ↑ "Why Are Parrot Rescues SO Overcrowded? This Video Will Help You Understand…". Bird Tricks Store. Bird. Retrieved 15 July 2026.
  29. ↑ "Migratory Bird Sanctuaries Across Canada" (PDF). Canadian Geographic Education. Canadian Geographic Education. Retrieved 19 September 2026.
  30. ↑ "Bird Sanctuaries nonprofits in the U.S." philanthropy.org. philanthropy.org. Retrieved 28 September 2026.
  31. ↑ Dean, Dana. "Come for the birds, stay for the views at World Bird Sanctuary in Valley Park". ksdk.com. KSDK-TV. Retrieved 28 September 2026.
  32. 1 2 "Ambassador Animals". Think Wild. Think Wild. Retrieved 28 September 2026.
  33. ↑ "Exotic birds can retire at 'Florida Exotic Bird Sanctuary'". Fox 5 New York. FOX Television Stations. Retrieved 28 September 2026.
  34. ↑ Der Voo, Lee Van. "For suburban chickens, a decent spot for retirement". Chinadaily.com.cn. China Daily Information Co. Retrieved 20 May 2012.
  35. ↑ Haynes, Brian. "Mike Tyson's new show about pigeon racing ruffles feathers". Las Vegas Review-Journal. Las Vegas Review-Journal, Inc. Retrieved 28 September 2026.
  36. ↑ "Charles Waterton". Whipple Library. University of Cambridge. Retrieved 19 September 2026.
  37. ↑ "Aspen Valley Wildlife Sanctuary". Global Federation of Animal Sanctuaries. Global Federation of Animal Sanctuaries. Retrieved 19 September 2026.
  38. 1 2 Méndez, Lola. "Is that Animal Sanctuary You're Visiting Actually Ethical? If You're Posing for Pics with the Animals, Probably Not". Vegetarian Times. Outside Interactive, Inc. Retrieved 28 September 2026.
  39. ↑ Griffler, Mckenzee. "What Defines an Animal Sanctuary?". The Open Sanctuary Project. The Open Sanctuary Project. Retrieved 18 June 2026.
  40. ↑ Stella, Alexis. "Sanctuaries not zoos". The Reflector. University of Indianapolis. Retrieved 18 June 2026.
  41. ↑ "Six wildlife sanctuaries where the animals come first, from a koala refuge in Australia to a school for orangutans in Borneo, Malaysia". South Morning China Post. PostMag. Retrieved 19 September 2026.
  42. ↑ "Lone Pine Koala Sanctuary". GKToday. GKToday. Retrieved 19 September 2026.
  43. ↑ Bartell, John. "Wild Horse Sanctuary in Shingletown Celebrates Nearly 50 Years of Safe Haven for Mustangs". abc10.com. KXTV-TV. Retrieved 28 September 2026.
  44. ↑ "Exposing Wild Horses Sent to Slaughter". Front Range Equine Rescue. Front Range Equine Rescue. Retrieved 28 September 2026.
  45. ↑ Robbins, Jim. "As Wild Horses Breed, a Voice for Contraception". The New York Times. The New York Times. Retrieved 28 September 2026.
  46. ↑ Jean, Renée. "Inside Centennial Valley's Deerwood Ranch, First-Of-Its-Kind Wild Horse Sanctuary". Cowboy State Daily. Cowboy State Daily. Retrieved 28 September 2026.
  47. ↑ "A Sanctuary For Wild Horses". Equine Wellness Magazine. Equine Wellness. Retrieved 30 September 2026.
  48. ↑ "Reimagining Conservation: Why Sanctuaries Must Replace Zoos". Big Cat Rescues. Big Cat Rescue. Retrieved 18 June 2026.
  49. ↑ "Distinctions Between Zoo, Sanctuary, and Wildlife Rehabilitation". Greenwood Wildlife Rehabilitation Center. Greenwood Wildlife Rehabilitation Center. Retrieved 17 June 2026.
  50. ↑ "Animals are not entertainment – Dark truth behind captive wildlife attractions". World Animal Protection. World Animal Protection. Retrieved 15 July 2026.
  51. ↑ Ramberg, Rachel. "When Unprepared Owners Abandon Wolf-Dogs, This Sanctuary Takes Them In". Colorado Public Radio. Colorado Public Radio. Retrieved 28 September 2026.
  52. ↑ "Catio Town for Hybrid Cats". The Wildcat Sanctuary. The Wildcat Sanctuary. Retrieved 28 September 2026.
  53. ↑ "Oakland Zoo Assists in PETA's Largest Animal Rescue Operation from a Roadside Zoo". Oakland Zoo. Oakland Zoo. Retrieved 27 September 2026.
  54. ↑ "Phoenix Herpetological Society". Arizona Parenting Magazine. Arizona Parenting Magazine. Retrieved 27 September 2026.
  55. ↑ Barnes, Amber. "An Introduction To Other Farmed Animal Species". The Open Sanctuary Project. The Open Sanctuary Project. Retrieved 11 Oct 2019.
  56. 1 2 3 4 Donaldson, Sue; Kymlicka, Will. "Farmed Animal Sanctuaries: The Heart of the Movement? A Socio-Political Perspective". Politics and Animals. 1 (1): 50–74.
  57. ↑ Baur, Gene (2008). Farm Sanctuary: Changing Hearts and Minds about Animals and Food. New York: Touchstone.
  58. ↑ "Meet the Dogs who Guard the Farm". Drunken Duck Farm & Rescue. Drunken Duck Farm & Rescue. Retrieved 14 September 2026.
  59. ↑ Bockman, Jon (2015-09-24). "The Value of Sanctuaries, and How to Maximize Their Impact". Animal Charity Evaluators. Retrieved 2020-06-15.
  60. ↑ Braich, Baneet. "Pet 'mini-pigs' are outgrowing owners' expectations — and sanctuaries are running out of space to re-home them". CBC News. CBC News. Retrieved 19 September 2026.
  61. ↑ Baur, Gene; Kevany, Kathleen May (2019-08-15). "Shifting perceptions through farm sanctuaries". Plant-Based Diets for Succulence and Sustainability. pp. 123–138. doi:10.4324/9780429427138-8. ISBN 9780429427138. S2CID 210288939. Retrieved 2020-04-15.
  62. ↑ Scotton, Guy. "Duties to Socialise with Domesticated Animals: Farmed Animal Sanctuaries as Frontiers of Friendship". Animal Studies Journal. 6 (2): 86–108.
  63. ↑ "Microsanctuary Resource Center". Microsanctuary. Retrieved 5 April 2020.
  64. 1 2 3 4 Parsons, E. C. M.; Rose, Naomi A. (2018-08-16). "The Blackfish Effect: Corporate and Policy Change in the Face of Shifting Public Opinion on Captive Cetaceans". Tourism in Marine Environments. 13 (2): 73–83. doi:10.3727/154427318X15225564602926. ISSN 1544-273X. S2CID 150061071.
  65. ↑ Magazine, Hakai. "The Hard Sell of Whale Sanctuaries". Hakai Magazine. Retrieved 2022-11-23.
  66. ↑ "Blackfish". Blackfish. Retrieved 2022-11-23.
  67. ↑ McCarthy, Niall. "The Countries Keeping The Most Dolphins In Captivity [Infographic]". Forbes. Retrieved 2022-11-23.
  68. ↑ Grimm, David (April 19, 2011). ""Are dolphins too smart for captivity?"" (PDF). Science. pp. 526–529. Retrieved November 23, 2022.
  69. ↑ Grantham-Philips, Wyatte. "Beluga whale couple travels 6,000 miles to be freed at world's first open-water sanctuary". USA TODAY. Retrieved 2022-11-23.
  70. ↑ "North America's first whale sanctuary is taking shape in rural Nova Scotia". Global News. Retrieved 2022-11-23.
  71. ↑ Dolphins moving from concrete tanks to seaside sanctuary | Season 2016, retrieved 2022-11-23
  72. ↑ Kokkinidis, Tasos (2022-04-16). "World's First Dolphin Sanctuary Founded in Greece". GreekReporter.com. Retrieved 2022-11-23.
  73. ↑ "Best Friends Animal Clinic". Best Friends Animal Society. Retrieved 2020-04-14.
  74. ↑ Shepherd, Allan (2001). Careers Working with Animals. Kogan Page Publishers. ISBN 978-0-7494-3644-5.
  75. ↑ "Dogtown". Best Friends Animal Society. Retrieved 2020-04-14.
  76. 1 2 Williams, Simon J. (November 2018). "Unsafe Havens: Improving Third-Party Accreditation of Wildlife Sanctuaries" (PDF). New York University Law Review. 92.
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