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Argonaut Games

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Argonaut Software)

Argonaut Games
FormerlyArgonaut Software Limited (1982–1999)
TypePublic limited company
IndustryVideo games
Founded
  • 23 February 1982; 44 years ago (1982-02-23) in Colindale, London (original)
  • 28 August 2024; 23 months ago (2024-08-28) (relaunch)
FounderJez San
Defunct1 October 2004; 21 years ago (2004-10-01) (original)
FateLiquidated (original incarnation)
Headquarters
Key people
  • Gary Sheinwald (co-CEO)
  • Mike Arkin (co-CEO)
DivisionsArgonaut Sheffield (2002–2004)
Subsidiaries
Websiteargonautgames.com

Argonaut Games is a British video game developer founded in 1982. It was known for the Super NES video game Star Fox and its supporting Super FX chip, and for Croc: Legend of the Gobbos and the Starglider series. The company was liquidated in late 2004, and ceased to exist in early 2007. It was relaunched in 2024.

History

[edit]

I told them that this is as good as it's going to get unless they let us design some hardware to make the SNES better at 3D. Amazingly, even though I had never done any hardware before, they said YES, and gave me a million bucks to make it happen.

— Argonaut founder and Super FX codesigner, Jez San[4]

Argonaut Software was founded by teenager Jez San in September 1982,[5] though his first game, Skyline Attack for the Commodore 64,[6] was released before the company was officially formed.[7] the company name is a play on his name (J. San) and the mythological story of Jason and the Argonauts.[8] Its head offices were in Colindale, London and a U.S. branch was located in Woodside, California in the San Francisco Bay Area.[9]

In 1986, the company released Starglider for the Atari ST and Amiga.[10] It is widely considered to be the first 3D video game.[11]

In 1990, Argonaut collaborated with Nintendo during the early years of the NES and SNES, a notable incident being when Argonaut submitted a proof-of-concept method of defeating the Game Boy's copyright protection mechanism to Nintendo.[12] Argonaut's star programmer Dylan Cuthbert, alongside Nintendo, developed the Japan-only space combat simulation game X for the Game Boy in 1992.[13] The game was notable for being one of the few 3D games on the console.[14] An English version called Lunar Chase was developed but ultimately cancelled.[15]

The combined efforts from Argonaut and Nintendo yielded a prototype of the game Star Fox, initially codenamed "nesGlider" and inspired by Starglider. The demo was then ported to the SNES.[12][4] This ultimately became Star Fox, with Nintendo EAD handling design and Argonaut in charge of programming. Three programmers, including Cuthbert, were assigned to work on the game in Japan.[12][16]

In order to improve performance from the demo, Nintendo commissioned Argonaut to design custom hardware to give the SNES true 3D capability. San hired chip designers and made the Super FX RISC processor. They originally codenamed it the Mathematical Argonaut Rotation I/O, or "MARIO", as is printed on the chip's surface.[12][4][17] The chip was so powerful that Argonaut developers joked the Super NES was just a box to hold the chip.[18]

After building the Super FX, Argonaut designed several different chips for other companies' video game machines, which were never released. These include machines codenamed GreenPiece and CD-I 2 for Philips, the platform codenamed VeggieMagic for Apple and Toshiba, and Hasbro's "virtual reality" game system codenamed MatriArc.[7][19][20][21] Additionally, Argonaut built a full-color virtual reality headset for Nintendo, called Super Visor, before the Virtual Boy was developed.[12] After receiving an investment from LSI Logic, Argonaut was commissioned to design a chip for a potential PlayStation 2 design.[22]

Argonaut had a three-game deal with Nintendo, leading to the creation of Stunt Race FX. Cuthbert also worked on Star Fox 2, which would have introduced more open gameplay and multiple playable characters. The game was mostly completed by 1995, and an updated Super FX chip was designed, but Nintendo ultimately cancelled it due to the emergence of 32-bit consoles.[16][23][24] The game was finally released in 2017 on the Super NES Classic Edition.[25]

In 1996, John Edelson was hired as the company General Manager. He ran the group for two years, reorganizing the company, cutting costs, and streamlining operations.[26] Capital was raised in 1996–1998 from Tom Teichman and Apax Partners.[21] According to Jez San, Argonaut remained an independent developer by choice, and had turned down several buyout offers.[27]

The Super FX chip inside a PAL cartridge of Starwing, both developed by Argonaut.

In 1997, the company was moved to a new building in Edgware.[11][28] It had about 120 employees at this time. In September 1997, Croc: Legend of the Gobbos was released by Fox Interactive for the PlayStation and Sega Saturn. A PC version of the game was also later released in 1998.[29] The game had previously been pitched to Nintendo as a 3D Yoshi game.[6][12]

In 1998, Argonaut Software was split into Argonaut Technologies Limited (ATL) and Argonaut Software Limited (ASL).[19] With space being a premium at the office on Colindale Avenue, ATL was relocated to an office in the top floor of a separate building. The building was called Capitol House on Capitol Way, just around the corner. There, it continued the design of CPU and GPU products and maintained "BRender", Argonaut's proprietary software 3D engine.

In 1998, ATL was rebranded ARC after the name of its main product, the Argonaut RISC Core, and became an independent company under founder Rob Clucas and CEO Bob Terwilliger.[21]

Argonaut Software Limited became Argonaut Games and was listed on the London Stock Exchange in 2000.[30] Intended to be a tie-in game for the 1997 movie, Alien Resurrection spent four years in development before it was released in 2000. The game had been a top-down shooter and third-person shooter before ultimately being released as a first-person shooter.[6][31] In 2000, the company purchased the recently-founded Just Add Monsters.[32] It also acquired the UK-based LTStudios in 2001 to work on PlayStation 2 games.[33]

In 2001, Argonaut developed Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone for Electronic Arts.[34] The game was well received and went on to sell eight million units by 2003.[35] It purchased Particle Systems, a two-person development team in Sheffield, in January 2002.[33]

The company's last game proved to be Malice for PlayStation 2 and Xbox. It was originally expected to be released in 2002 by Vivendi,[36] but spent six years in development.[37] It was cancelled by Argonaut in 2003. At the same time, the cancellation and delay of several other projects put the company in financial distress.[38] Malice was later picked up by ZeniMax Media in 2004 and quietly released that June.[39][40]

In October 2004, Argonaut Games halted trading on the London Stock Exchange.[41] It called in receivers David Rubin & Partners, placed its subsidiaries Argonaut Software into administration, and put them up for sale. The studio in Sheffield was closed. San resigned from the board of directors[42] and purchased subsidiaries Just Add Monsters and Morpheme.[43][8] With no buyer for Argonaut Software, all remaining employees were laid off.[44] Just Add Monsters became Ninja Theory in November.[32]

Studio leaders went on to form Rocksteady Studios and many former employees would join the developer.[45][46] Argonaut was officially dissolved in 2007.[47]

Reopening (2024–present)

[edit]

On 28 August 2024, Jez San reopened Argonaut Games as a boutique publisher that would focus on re-releasing and remastering Argonaut's existing franchises alongside the publication of third-party independent titles. Its first release is a remaster of Croc: Legend of the Gobbos,[48][49] which had previously been teased by San the previous year.[50][51]

On 25 September 2024, Argonaut announced it had made a strategic investment in Ancient Machine, the developer of the forthcoming PC narco-thriller VICE Undercover.[52]

BRender

[edit]
3D Movie Maker, developed by Microsoft, runs on BRender.

BRender (abbreviation of "Blazing Renderer") is a development toolkit and a realtime 3D graphics engine for computer games, simulators, and graphic tools. It was developed and licensed by Argonaut Software.[53] The engine supports Intel's MMX instruction set and Windows, MS-DOS, and PlayStation platforms. Support for 3D hardware graphics accelerator cards was added.[54] Software made with BRender includes Carmageddon,[55] Croc: Legend of the Gobbos, FX Fighter,[56] I-War,[57] and 3D Movie Maker. It was released as free and open-source software under the MIT License on 3 May 2022.[58][59]

Titles

[edit]

Games developed

[edit]
Year Title Platform(s) Publisher(s) Note(s)
1984 Skyline Attack Commodore 64 Century Software
1986 Starglider Atari ST, Amiga Rainbird
1988 Starglider 2
1990 Days of Thunder MS-DOS Mindscape
1992 Game Boy
Race Drivin'[a] Game Boy THQ
A.T.A.C. Microsoft Windows MicroProse
Birds of Prey Amiga, MS-DOS Electronic Arts
X Game Boy Nintendo Co-developed with Nintendo R&D1
1993 Star Fox Super NES Co-developed with Nintendo EAD[b]
King Arthur's World Jaleco
1994 Vortex Electro Brain, Pack-In-Video, Sony Imagesoft
Stunt Race FX Nintendo Co-developed with Nintendo EAD[b]
Creature Shock MS-DOS Virgin Interactive Entertainment
The Ren & Stimpy Show: Fire Dogs Super NES THQ
1995 FX Fighter MS-DOS GTE Entertainment
Alien Odyssey Philips Media
Scooby-Doo Mystery Super NES Acclaim Entertainment
1996 FX Fighter Turbo MS-DOS GTE Entertainment
1997 Croc: Legend of the Gobbos PlayStation, Sega Saturn, Microsoft Windows Fox Interactive
1998 Buck Bumble Nintendo 64 Ubi Soft
1999 Croc 2 PlayStation, Microsoft Windows Fox Interactive
2000 Croc Game Boy Color[60] THQ Co-developed with Virtucraft
Red Dog: Superior Firepower Dreamcast Sega, Crave Entertainment
The Emperor's New Groove PlayStation, Microsoft Windows Sony Computer Entertainment, Disney Interactive
Disney's Aladdin in Nasira's Revenge
Alien Resurrection PlayStation Fox Interactive
2001 Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone[c] Electronic Arts
2002 Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets
Bionicle: Matoran Adventures Game Boy Advance Electronic Arts, Lego Interactive
2003 Bionicle PlayStation 2, GameCube, Xbox, Microsoft Windows Co-developed with Argonaut Sheffield
SWAT: Global Strike Team PlayStation 2, Xbox Vivendi Universal Games
I-Ninja PlayStation 2, GameCube, Xbox Namco Hometek, Sony Computer Entertainment
2004 Microsoft Windows Zoo Digital Publishing
Carve Xbox Global Star Software
Malice PlayStation 2, Xbox Evolved Games, Mud Duck Productions
Powerdrome Additional development for Argonaut Sheffield
Catwoman: The Game[61] PlayStation 2, GameCube, Xbox, Microsoft Windows Electronic Arts
2017[d] Star Fox 2 SNES Classic Edition Nintendo Co-developed with Nintendo EAD
  1. ↑ Race Drivin' was ported from the arcade.
  2. 1 2 Argonaut Games provided assistance in programming with the FX Chip.
  3. ↑ Known as Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone in North America.
  4. ↑ Star Fox 2 was originally planned for release on SNES in 1996 (build date: 12 September 1995). However, the game was not officially released until 2017 when it was included in the Super NES Classic Edition.

Games published

[edit]
Year Title Platform(s) Developer(s) Note(s)
2025 Croc: Legend of the Gobbos (remaster)[48] Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Xbox One, Xbox Series X/S, Nintendo Switch Titanium Studios and Big Boat Interactive
Croc: 25th Anniversary Edition Game Boy Color Virtucraft, Argonaut Games Physical re-release through ModRetro, digital release platforms currently unconfirmed
2026 Croc 2: 25th Anniversary Edition Game Boy Color Natsume Co., Ltd., Argonaut Games Physical re-release through ModRetro, digital release platforms currently unconfirmed
Buck Bumble Nintendo 64 Argonaut Games Physical re-release through ModRetro, digital release platforms currently unconfirmed
TBC Croc 2: Kingdom of the Gobbos (remaster) Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Xbox Series X/S, Nintendo Switch TBC

Cancelled games

[edit]
Cancelled games by Argonaut Games
Title Development period Platform
8-Kings[62] N/a N-Gage
Crash vs. Spyro Racing[63] 2004 Xbox
Orchid[64][65][66] 2003 PlayStation 2, GameCube, Xbox
Bionicle: City of Legends[67][68] 2004 PlayStation 2, Xbox
I-Ninja 2[69] 2004 PlayStation 2, GameCube, Xbox
Zero Hour[70] 2004 PlayStation 2, PSP
Cash on Delivery[71] PlayStation 2
Kanaan[72] PC
Unnamed Yoshi game[12] 1995 Nintendo 64
Transformers: Generation 2[73] 1994 Super NES

References

[edit]
  1. ↑ "Argonaut Games LinkedIn", LinkedIn, retrieved 19 December 2025
  2. ↑ McFerran, Damien (13 September 2022). "Jez San On Argonaut, Star Fox And Working With Nintendo". Time Extension.
  3. ↑ Troughton, James (25 September 2023). "An Unreleased Crash Vs Spyro Racing Game Has Been Found". TheGamer. Retrieved 25 September 2023.
  4. 1 2 3 Bolton, Syd. "Interview with Jez San, OBE". Armchair Empire. Archived from the original on 17 December 2007. Retrieved 16 February 2014.
  5. ↑ Brookes, Jason; Bielby, Matt (May 1993). "Superplay interview: Jez San, Argonaut". Super Play. United Kingdom: Future Publishing.
  6. 1 2 3 Sega Saturn Magazine. October 1997. pp. 60–63.
  7. 1 2 McFerran, Damien (1 December 2019). "Interview: "I Thought Of The Biggest Number I Could Think Of, Which Was A Million Dollars. Then I Doubled It" - Jez San On Argonaut, Nintendo And Star Fox". Time Extension. Retrieved 18 July 2026.
  8. 1 2 Hopkins, Nic (26 October 2004). "Jez San close to rescue bid for his troubled Argonaut". The Times. Retrieved 18 July 2026.
  9. ↑ "Company Summary". Argonaut Games. 29 October 1996. Archived from the original on 29 October 1996. Retrieved 21 May 2016. Argonaut Technologies Limited Capitol House, Capitol Way, Colindale, London, NW9 ODZ, United Kingdom" and "Argonaut USA Rich Seidner – Head of US Operations 210 Grandview Drive, Woodside, California, 94062, USA
  10. ↑ Eddy, Andy (May 1987). "Starglider". Compute!. 9 (84): 46–47 – via Internet Archive.
  11. 1 2 "GameSpy: Argonaut Games". www.gamespy.com. Retrieved 19 July 2026.
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 McFerran, Damien (22 June 2014). "Born slippy: the making of Star Fox". Eurogamer. Retrieved 20 August 2016.
  13. ↑ Andrews, Nate (8 September 2011). "Influencing the Fox - Feature". Nintendo World Report. Retrieved 19 July 2026.
  14. ↑ Parish, Jeremy (22 April 2019). "The 25 Greatest Game Boy Games". USgamer.net. Archived from the original on 22 April 2019. Retrieved 19 July 2026.
  15. ↑ Parrish, Jeremy. "A Bathtub Full of Acid: The Story of How Dylan Cuthbert Went From Making 3D Engines for Game Boy to Star Fox". USgamer.net. Archived from the original on 24 October 2022. Retrieved 19 July 2026.
  16. 1 2 Machkovech, Sam (3 October 2017). "Original Star Fox staffer tells story of sequel's shelving, surprise launch". Ars Technica. Retrieved 19 July 2026.
  17. ↑ "Of argonauts, vectors, and flying foxes: The rise of 3D on Nintendo consoles". Blame the Control Pad. Archived from the original on 13 June 2008. Retrieved 4 January 2015.
  18. ↑ "Interview with Jez San". Arwing Landing. Archived from the original on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 4 September 2007.
  19. 1 2 Plowman, Ed (29 September 2025). "That Time We Nearly Changed Gaming History: Hasbro's VR Project That Almost Was". Medium. Retrieved 18 July 2026.
  20. ↑ Erl, Josef (5 August 2025). "VR in the 90s: The failed VR goggles from Nintendo, Atari, Sega & Hasbro". heise online. Retrieved 18 July 2026.
  21. 1 2 3 Dahad, Nitin (21 September 2020). "ARC: from 3D Game Chips to Licensable RISC Processor". EE Times. Retrieved 18 July 2026.
  22. ↑ McFerran, Damien (26 November 2019). "The Team Behind Nintendo's Super FX Almost Made the PS2 CPU, And It Was Named After a Dog's Bits". Push Square. Retrieved 18 July 2026.
  23. ↑ Klepek, Patrick (18 April 2016). "That Time Nintendo Canceled The Nearly Finished Star Fox 2". Kotaku. Retrieved 19 July 2026.
  24. ↑ Dickens, Anthony (26 June 2017). "The Full Story Behind Star Fox 2, Nintendo's Most Famous Cancellation". Nintendo Life. Retrieved 19 July 2026.
  25. ↑ Dickens, Anthony (26 June 2017). "Star Fox 2 Will Finally Be Released Thanks To Super NES Classic Edition". Nintendo Life. Retrieved 19 July 2026.
  26. ↑ Sillifant, Ross (2015). "John Edelson interview". www.ataricompendium.com. Retrieved 18 July 2026.
  27. ↑ Rider, David; Semrad, Ed (December 1997). "British Invasion" (PDF). Electronic Gaming Monthly. No. 101. Ziff Davis. p. 170.
  28. ↑ "Argonaut Contact information". Argonaut Games. 13 January 1998. Archived from the original on 13 January 1998. Retrieved 9 November 2009. Argonaut House 369 Burnt Oak Broadway Edgware Middlesex HA8 5XZ{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  29. ↑ "Croc". www.argonaut.com. Archived from the original on 11 December 1997. Retrieved 20 July 2026.
  30. ↑ Hong, Quang (1 March 2000). "Argonaut Goes Public". Game Developer. Retrieved 21 July 2026.
  31. ↑ Reilly, Luke (15 August 2024). "The Terrifying (and Sometimes Terrible) History of Alien Games". IGN. Retrieved 21 July 2026.
  32. 1 2 Wilson, Andrew (14 November 2004). "Just Add Monsters Morphs Into Ninja Theory". Game Developer. Retrieved 18 July 2026.
  33. 1 2 Gibson, Nick (4 May 2000). "Argonaut News 2000/1". www.gamesinvestor.com. Archived from the original on 16 March 2005. Retrieved 19 July 2026.
  34. ↑ Herold, Charles (13 December 2001). "GAME THEORY; The Owls You Know, the Devil You Don't". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 19 July 2026.
  35. ↑ "Ownt.com - Game Stats". www.ownt.com. 21 May 2003. Archived from the original on 21 February 2006. Retrieved 19 July 2026.
  36. ↑ IGN (7 June 2002). "Malice E3 Impressions". IGN. Retrieved 19 July 2026.
  37. ↑ Caoili, Eric (5 March 2010). "Curioser And Curioser: Malice's Unreleased PS1 Edition". GameSetWatch. Archived from the original on 12 January 2020. Retrieved 19 July 2026.
  38. ↑ Staff, I. G. N. (30 May 2003). "Argonaut Officially Cans Malice". IGN. Retrieved 19 July 2026.
  39. ↑ Staff, I. G. N. (23 January 2004). "Remember Malice?". IGN. Retrieved 19 July 2026.
  40. ↑ Adams, David (2 June 2004). "Malice Slips to Retail". IGN. Retrieved 19 July 2026.
  41. ↑ Feldman, Curt (15 October 2004). "Argonaut trading halted on London Exchange". GameSpot. Retrieved 21 July 2026.
  42. ↑ Wilson, Andrew (24 October 2004). "Argonaut Officially Announces Move Into Administration". Game Developer. Retrieved 18 July 2026.
  43. ↑ Fahey, Rob (29 October 2004). "San acquires Morpheme and Just Add Monsters". GamesIndustry.biz. Retrieved 18 July 2026.
  44. ↑ Jenkins, David (3 November 2004). "Remaining Argonaut Development Staff Laid Off". Gamasutra. Retrieved 1 February 2018.
  45. ↑ Fahey, Rob (17 January 2005). "Roll Call back on track as SCi funds new development studio". GamesIndustry.biz. Retrieved 21 July 2026.
  46. ↑ Burnes, Andrew (17 January 2005). "SCi Invests In Ex-Argonaut Start-Up". IGN. Retrieved 21 July 2026.
  47. ↑ Scullion, Chris (1 July 2025). "Croc studio Argonaut wants to remaster cult N64 shooter Buck Bumble". VGC. Retrieved 21 July 2026.
  48. 1 2 Romano, Sal (28 August 2024). "Croc: Legend of the Gobbos remaster announced for consoles, PC alongside Argonaut Games revival". Gematsu. Retrieved 28 August 2024.
  49. ↑ McEvoy, Sophie (29 August 2024). "Argonaut Games returns as publisher after 20 year hiatus". GamesIndustry.biz. Retrieved 19 July 2026.
  50. ↑ McFerran, Damien (7 June 2023). "Croc HD Is In Development, Says Argonaut Founder Jez San". Time Extension. Hookshot Media. Archived from the original on 7 June 2023. Retrieved 7 June 2023.
  51. ↑ @aerobatic (6 June 2023). "I have news but it's a little premature to announce it. a 'Croc HD' has started early development" (Tweet). Archived from the original on 7 June 2023 – via Twitter.
  52. ↑ "Argonaut Games (@ArgonautGames_) on X". X (formerly Twitter). 25 September 2024. Retrieved 18 July 2026. Argonaut Games has teamed up with Indie Developer Ancient Machine to help launch its forthcoming debut game, @VICE_Undercover, a deep narrative-driven narco thriller that aims to redefine the point-and-click adventure genre.
  53. ↑ "BRender Web page". Argonaut Software. Archived from the original on 29 October 1996. Retrieved 22 June 2010.
  54. ↑ "The Wave Report on Digital Media Issue 606 8/16/96". 4th WAVE, Inc. Archived from the original on 7 July 2011. Retrieved 22 June 2010.
  55. ↑ "NG Alphas: Carmaggedon". Next Generation. No. 25. January 1997. pp. 125–6.
  56. ↑ "3D Graphics Help". GamePro. No. 80. IDG. May 1995. p. 139.
  57. ↑ "NG Alphas: I-War". Next Generation. No. 34. October 1997. p. 104.
  58. ↑ Averlong, Alice [@Foone] (3 May 2022). "I just got approval from Jez San, former CEO of Argonaut Games, to open source the BRender engine" (Tweet). Archived from the original on 4 May 2022. Retrieved 4 May 2022 – via Twitter.
  59. ↑ Wright, Steven (4 May 2022). "At last, Microsoft 3D Movie Maker is now open-source... Wait, what?". Input. Retrieved 5 May 2022.
  60. ↑ "Argonaut Games plc 2000". 1 November 2000. Archived from the original on 1 November 2000. Retrieved 22 November 2021.
  61. ↑ Bramwell, Tom (30 January 2004). "EA bags Catwoman". Eurogamer. Retrieved 26 June 2018.
  62. ↑ Gasking, Frank (9 November 2020). "8-Kings". Games That Weren't. Archived from the original on 9 November 2020. Retrieved 9 November 2020.
  63. ↑ Bailey, Dustin (25 September 2023). "A prototype for the unreleased and unannounced Crash vs Spyro Racing has been found and preserved online". gamesradar.
  64. ↑ "Argonaut unveils Orchid".
  65. ↑ Fahey, Rob (30 May 2003). "Blow for Argonaut as Malice and Orchid are canned". GamesIndustry.biz. Retrieved 28 June 2023.
  66. ↑ "Orchid". IGN. 8 January 2002.
  67. ↑ "LEGO Bionicle 2 : City of Legends". PtPOnline. 30 October 2012. Archived from the original on 3 October 2017.
  68. ↑ "BIONICLE 2: City of Legends (Xbox Beta) ISO Release | BioMedia Project". Retrieved 20 July 2026.
  69. ↑ "I-Ninja 2 [Cancelled - PS2, XBOX, GameCube] - Unseen64". www.unseen64.net. 21 December 2015. Retrieved 20 July 2026.
  70. ↑ "Zero Hour [PSP - Cancelled] - Unseen64". www.unseen64.net. 20 July 2011. Retrieved 20 July 2026.
  71. ↑ "Cash on Delivery [PS2 - Cancelled] - Unseen64". www.unseen64.net. Retrieved 20 July 2026.
  72. ↑ Unseen64 (11 May 2016). "Kanaan (Argonaut) [PC - Cancelled]". Unseen64. Retrieved 30 June 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  73. ↑ McFerran, Damien (3 November 2015). "No, SNES Super FX Title Vortex Was Never A Transformers Game". Nintendo Life. Retrieved 5 December 2021.
[edit]
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