List of antibiotics
(Redirected from Antibiotic classes)
 |
The following is a list of antibiotics. The highest division between antibiotics is bactericidal and bacteriostatic. Bactericidals kill bacteria directly, whereas bacteriostatics prevent them from dividing. However, these classifications are based on laboratory behavior. The development of antibiotics has had a profound effect on the health of people for many years. Also, both people and animals have used antibiotics to treat infections and diseases. In practice, both treat bacterial infections.[1]
By coverage
[edit]The following are lists of antibiotics for specific microbial coverage (not an exhaustive list):
MRSA
[edit]Antibiotics that cover methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA):
- Vancomycin[2]
- Teicoplanin[2]
- Linezolid[2]
- Daptomycin[2]
- Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole[3]
- Doxycycline[4]
- Ceftobiprole[5] (5th generation)
- Ceftaroline (5th generation)[6]
- Clindamycin[7]
- Dalbavancin[8]
- Daptomycin[9]
- Delafloxacin[10]
- Fusidic acid[11]
- Minocycline [12]
- Mupirocin (topical)
- Omadacycline[13]
- Oritavancin[14]
- Tedizolid[15]
- Telavancin[16]
- Tigecycline (also covers gram negatives)
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
[edit]Antibiotics that cover Pseudomonas aeruginosa:
Certain cephalosporins, cephalosporin-beta-lactamase-inhibitor combinations, and new siderophore cephalosporins.
- Ceftazidime (3rd generation)
- Cefepime (4th generation)
- Cefepime/sulbactam
- Ceftobiprole (5th generation)
- Ceftolozane/tazobactam
- Ceftazidime/avibactam
- Cefiderocol(siderophore cephalosporin)
Certain penicillins:
Certain carbapenems and carbapenem-beta-lactamase-inhibitors combinations:
- Carbapenems: (meropenem, imipenem/cilastatin, doripenem - NOT ertapenem)
- Meropenem/vaborbactam
- Imipenem/cilastatin/relebactam
Others:
- Fluoroquinolones: particularly levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin
- Polymyxins: Colistin, Polymyxin B
- Aztreonam (monobactam)
- Aminoglycosides - particularly tobramycin and amikacin
VRE
[edit]Antibiotics that usually have activity against vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE):
- Linezolid[17] and Tedizolid[18]
- Streptogramins such as quinupristin-dalfopristin
- Advanced generation tetracyclines: Tigecycline, Omadacycline, Eravacycline
- Daptomycin[19]
- Oritavancin[20]
Antibiotics with less reliable but occasional (depending on isolate and subspecies) activity:
- occasionally penicillins including penicillin, ampicillin and ampicillin-sulbactam, amoxicillin and amoxicillin-clavulnate, and piperacillin-tazobactam (not all vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus isolates are resistant to penicillin and ampicillin)
- occasionally doxycycline and minocycline
- occasionally fluoroquinolones such as moxifloxacin, levofloxacin, and ciprofloxacin
By class
[edit]See also pathogenic bacteria for a list of antibiotics sorted by target bacteria.
| Generic name | Brand names | Common uses[21] | Possible side effects[21] | Mechanism of action |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aminoglycosides | ||||
| Amikacin | Amikin | Infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria, such as Escherichia coli and Klebsiella particularly Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Effective against aerobic bacteria (not obligate/facultative anaerobes) and tularemia. All aminoglycosides are ineffective when taken orally as the stomach will digest the drug before it goes into the bloodstream. However aminoglycosides are effective in Intravenous, intramuscular and topical forms. | Binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. | |
| Gentamicin | Garamycin | |||
| Kanamycin | Kantrex | |||
| Neomycin | Neo-Fradin[22] | |||
| Netilmicin | Netromycin | |||
| Tobramycin | Nebcin | |||
| Paromomycin | Humatin | |||
| Streptomycin | Tuberculosis | |||
| Spectinomycin(Bs) | Trobicin | Gonorrhea | ||
| Ansamycins | ||||
| Geldanamycin | Experimental, as antitumor antibiotics | Block DNA transcription, either via inhibiting DNA-dependent RNA polymerase by binding to the β-subunit | ||
| Herbimycin | ||||
| Rifaximin | Xifaxan | Traveler's diarrhea caused by E. coli | ||
| Carbacephem | ||||
| Loracarbef | Lorabid | Discontinued | Prevents bacterial cell division by inhibiting cell wall synthesis. | |
| Carbapenems | ||||
| Ertapenem | Invanz | Bactericidal for both Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms and therefore useful for empiric broad-spectrum antibacterial coverage. (Notes: MRSA resistance to this class. All are active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa except ertapenem.) |
|
Inhibition of cell wall synthesis |
| Doripenem | Doribax | |||
| Imipenem/Cilastatin | Primaxin | |||
| Meropenem | Merrem | |||
| Cephalosporins (First generation) | ||||
| Cefadroxil | Duricef | Good coverage against Gram-positive infections. |
|
Same mode of action as other beta-lactam antibiotics: disrupt the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. |
| Cefazolin | Ancef, Kefzol | |||
| Cephradine | ||||
| Cephapirin | ||||
| Cephalothin | ||||
| Cefalexin | Keflex | |||
| Cephalosporins (Second generation) | ||||
| Cefaclor | Distaclor, Ceclor, Raniclor | Less Gram-positive cover, improved Gram-negative cover. |
|
Same mode of action as other beta-lactam antibiotics: disrupt the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. |
| Cefoxitin | ||||
| Cefotetan | Cefotan | |||
| Cefamandole | ||||
| Cefmetazole | ||||
| Cefonicid | ||||
| Loracarbef | ||||
| Cefprozil | Cefzil | |||
| Cefuroxime | Ceftin, Zinacef (UK) | |||
| Cephalosporins (Third generation) | ||||
| Cefixime (antagonistic with Chloramphenicol)[23] | Cefspan (Fujisawa), Suprax | Improved coverage of Gram-negative organisms, except Pseudomonas. Reduced Gram-positive cover. But still not cover Mycoplasma and Chlamydia |
|
Same mode of action as other beta-lactam antibiotics: disrupt the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. |
| Cefdinir | Omnicef, Cefdiel | |||
| Cefditoren | Spectracef, Meiact | |||
| Cefoperazone [Unlike most third-generation agents, cefoperazone is active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa], combination Cefoperazone with Sulbactam makes more effective antibiotic, because Sulbactam avoid degeneration of Cefoperazone | Cefobid (discontinued) | |||
| Cefotaxime | Claforan | |||
| Cefpodoxime | Vantin, Banadoz | |||
| Ceftazidime (Unlike most third-generation agents, ceftazidime is active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, but less active against Staphylococci and Streptococci compare to other 3rd generation of cephalosporins) | Fortaz, Ceptaz | |||
| Ceftibuten | Cedax | |||
| Ceftizoxime | ||||
| Moxalactam | ||||
| Ceftriaxone (IV and IM, not orally, effective also for syphilis and uncomplicated gonorrhea) | Rocephin | |||
| Cephalosporins (Fourth generation) | ||||
| Cefepime | Maxipime |
Covers pseudomonal infections. |
|
Same mode of action as other beta-lactam antibiotics: disrupt the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. |
| Cephalosporins (Fifth generation) | ||||
| Ceftaroline fosamil | Teflaro | Used to treat MRSA |
|
Same mode of action as other beta-lactam antibiotics: disrupt the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. |
| Ceftobiprole | Zeftera | Used to treat MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus), penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and enterococci |
|
Same mode of action as other beta-lactam antibiotics: disrupt the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. |
| Glycopeptides | ||||
| Teicoplanin | Targocid (UK) | Active against aerobic and anaerobic Gram-positive bacteria including MRSA; Vancomycin is used orally for the treatment of C. difficile colitis | Inhibits peptidoglycan synthesis. | |
| Vancomycin | Vancocin | |||
| Telavancin | Vibativ | |||
| Dalbavancin | Dalvance | |||
| Oritavancin | Orbactiv | |||
| Lincosamides(Bs) | ||||
| Clindamycin | Cleocin | Serious staph-, pneumo-, and streptococcal infections in penicillin-allergic patients, also anaerobic infections; clindamycin topically for acne | Possible C. difficile-related pseudomembranous enterocolitis | Binds to 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomal RNA thereby inhibiting protein synthesis. |
| Lincomycin | Lincocin | |||
| Lipopeptide | ||||
| Daptomycin | Cubicin | Gram-positive organisms, but is inhibited by pulmonary surfactant so less effective against pneumonias | Binds to the membrane and cause rapid depolarization, resulting in a loss of membrane potential leading to inhibition of protein, DNA and RNA synthesis. | |
| Macrolides(Bs) | ||||
| Azithromycin | Zithromax, Sumamed, Xithrone | Streptococcal infections, syphilis, upper respiratory tract infections, lower respiratory tract infections, mycoplasmal infections, Lyme disease |
|
Inhibition of bacterial protein biosynthesis by binding reversibly to the subunit 50S of the bacterial ribosome, thereby inhibiting translocation of peptidyl tRNA. |
| Clarithromycin | Biaxin | |||
| Erythromycin | Erythocin, Erythroped | |||
| Roxithromycin | ||||
| Telithromycin | Ketek | Pneumonia | Visual disturbance, liver toxicity.[24] | |
| Spiramycin | Rovamycine | Mouth infections | ||
| Fidaxomicin | Dificid | Treatment of Clostridioides (formerly Clostridium) difficile infection.[25] May be more narrow-spectrum than vancomycin, resulting in less bowel microbiota alteration.[26] | Nausea (11%), vomiting, and abdominal pain.[27] | Bactericidal in susceptible organisms such as C. difficile by inhibiting RNA polymerase, thereby inhibiting protein synthesis.[27] |
| Monobactams | ||||
| Aztreonam | Azactam | Gram-negative bacteria | Same mode of action as other beta-lactam antibiotics: disrupt the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. | |
| Nitrofurans | ||||
| Furazolidone | Furoxone | Bacterial or protozoal diarrhea or enteritis | ||
| Nitrofurantoin(Bs) | Macrodantin, Macrobid | Urinary tract infections | ||
| Oxazolidinones(Bs) | ||||
| Linezolid | Zyvox | VRSA | Protein synthesis inhibitor; prevents the initiation step | |
| Posizolid | Phase II clinical trials | |||
| Radezolid | Phase II clinical trials | |||
| Tedizolid | Sivextro | |||
| Penicillins | ||||
| Amoxicillin | Novamox, Amoxil | Wide range of infections; penicillin used for streptococcal infections, syphilis, and Lyme disease |
|
Same mode of action as other beta-lactam antibiotics: disrupt the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. |
| Ampicillin | Principen (discontinued) | |||
| Azlocillin | ||||
| Dicloxacillin | Dynapen (discontinued) | |||
| Flucloxacillin | Floxapen (Sold to European generics Actavis Group) | |||
| Mezlocillin | Mezlin (discontinued) | |||
| Methicillin | Staphcillin (discontinued) | |||
| Nafcillin | Unipen (discontinued) | |||
| Oxacillin | Prostaphlin (discontinued) | |||
| Penicillin G | Pentids (discontinued) | |||
| Penicillin V | Veetids (Pen-Vee-K) (discontinued) | |||
| Piperacillin | Pipracil (discontinued) | |||
| Penicillin G | Pfizerpen | |||
| Temocillin | Negaban (UK) (discontinued) | |||
| Ticarcillin | Ticar (discontinued) | |||
| Penicillin combinations | ||||
| Amoxicillin/clavulanate | Augmentin | Both Amoxicillin/clavulanate and Ampicillin/sulbactam are effective against non-recurrent acute otitis media.[28] Amoxicillin/clavulanate is one of the few oral antibiotics effective against skin and soft tissue infections. Can be given to children less than 40 kilograms in weight; for children heavier, the dosage is same as adults, twice daily.[29] | The second component reduces the effectiveness of some forms of bacterial resistance to the first component | |
| Ampicillin/sulbactam | Unasyn | |||
| Piperacillin/tazobactam | Zosyn | |||
| Ticarcillin/clavulanate | Timentin | |||
| Polypeptides | ||||
| Bacitracin | Eye, ear or bladder infections; usually applied directly to the eye or inhaled into the lungs; rarely given by injection, although the use of intravenous colistin is experiencing a resurgence due to the emergence of multi drug resistant organisms. | Kidney and nerve damage (when given by injection) | Inhibits isoprenyl pyrophosphate, a molecule that carries the building blocks of the peptidoglycan bacterial cell wall outside of the inner membrane[30] | |
| Colistin | Coly-Mycin-S | Interact with the Gram-negative bacterial outer membrane and cytoplasmic membrane, displacing bacterial counterions, which destabilizes the outer membrane. Act like a detergent against the cytoplasmic membrane, which alters its permeability. Polymyxin B and E are bactericidal even in an isosmotic solution. | ||
| Polymyxin B | ||||
| Quinolones/Fluoroquinolones | ||||
| Ciprofloxacin | Cipro, Ciproxin, Ciprobay | Urinary tract infections, bacterial prostatitis, community-acquired pneumonia, bacterial diarrhea, mycoplasmal infections, gonorrhea | Nausea (rare), irreversible damage to central nervous system (uncommon), tendinosis (rare) | Inhibits the bacterial DNA gyrase or the topoisomerase IV enzyme, thereby inhibiting DNA replication and transcription. |
| Enoxacin | Penetrex | |||
| Gatifloxacin | Tequin | |||
| Gemifloxacin | Factive[31] | |||
| Levofloxacin | Levaquin | |||
| Lomefloxacin | Maxaquin | |||
| Moxifloxacin | Avelox | |||
| Nadifloxacin | ||||
| Nalidixic acid | NegGram | |||
| Norfloxacin | Noroxin | |||
| Ofloxacin | Floxin (discontinued), Ocuflox | |||
| Trovafloxacin | Trovan | Withdrawn[32] | ||
| Grepafloxacin | Raxar | Withdrawn[33] | ||
| Sparfloxacin | Zagam | Withdrawn | ||
| Temafloxacin | Omniflox | Withdrawn[34] | ||
| Sulfonamides(Bs) | ||||
| Mafenide | Sulfamylon | Urinary tract infections (except sulfacetamide, used for eye infections, and mafenide and silver sulfadiazine, used topically for burns) |
|
Folate synthesis inhibition. They are competitive inhibitors of the enzyme dihydropteroate synthetase, DHPS. DHPS catalyses the conversion of PABA (para-aminobenzoate) to dihydropteroate, a key step in folate synthesis. Folate is necessary for the cell to synthesize nucleic acids (nucleic acids are essential building blocks of DNA and RNA), and in its absence cells cannot divide. |
| Sulfacetamide | Sulamyd, Bleph-10 | |||
| Sulfadiazine | Micro-Sulfon | |||
| Silver sulfadiazine | Silvadene | |||
| Sulfadimethoxine | Di-Methox, Albon | |||
| Sulfamethizole | Thiosulfil Forte | |||
| Sulfamethoxazole | Gantanol | |||
| Sulfanilimide (archaic) | ||||
| Sulfasalazine | Azulfidine | |||
| Sulfisoxazole | Gantrisin | |||
| Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole (Co-trimoxazole) (TMP-SMX) | Bactrim, Septra | |||
| Sulfonamidochrysoidine (archaic) | Prontosil | |||
| Tetracyclines(Bs) | ||||
| Demeclocycline | Declomycin | Syphilis, chlamydial infections, Lyme disease, mycoplasmal infections, acne rickettsial infections, malaria[note 1] |
|
Inhibits the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to the mRNA-ribosome complex. They do so mainly by binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit in the mRNA translation complex. But Tetracycline cannot be taken together with all dairy products, aluminium, iron and zinc minerals. |
| Doxycycline | Vibramycin | |||
| Metacycline | ||||
| Minocycline | Minocin | |||
| Oxytetracycline | Terramycin | |||
| Tetracycline | Sumycin, Achromycin V, Steclin | |||
| Pleuromutilin antibiotics | ||||
| Lefamulin | Xenleta | |||
| Retapamulin | Altabax | |||
| Valnemulin | Econor | |||
| Tiamulin | Dynamutilin | |||
| Drugs against mycobacteria | ||||
| Clofazimine | Lamprene | Antileprotic | ||
| Dapsone | Avlosulfon | Antileprotic | ||
| Capreomycin | Capastat | Antituberculosis | ||
| Cycloserine | Seromycin | Antituberculosis, urinary tract infections | ||
| Ethambutol(Bs) | Myambutol | Antituberculosis | ||
| Ethionamide | Trecator | Antituberculosis | Inhibits peptide synthesis | |
| Isoniazid | I.N.H. | Antituberculosis | ||
| Pyrazinamide | Aldinamide | Antituberculosis | ||
| Rifampicin (Rifampin in US) | Rifadin, Rimactane | mostly Gram-positive and mycobacteria | Reddish-orange sweat, tears, and urine | Binds to the β subunit of RNA polymerase to inhibit transcription |
| Rifabutin | Mycobutin | Mycobacterium avium complex | Rash, discolored urine, GI symptoms | |
| Rifapentine | Priftin | Antituberculosis | ||
| Streptomycin | Antituberculosis | Neurotoxicity, ototoxicity | As other aminoglycosides | |
| Others | ||||
| Arsphenamine | Salvarsan | Spirochaetal infections (obsolete)[35] | ||
| Chloramphenicol(Bs) | Chloromycetin | Meningitis, MRSA, topical use, or for low-cost internal treatment. Historic: typhus, cholera. Gram-negative, Gram-positive, anaerobes | Rarely: aplastic anemia. | Inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 50S subunit of the ribosome[36] |
| Fosfomycin | Monurol, Monuril | Acute cystitis in women | This antibiotic is not recommended for children and 75 and up of age | Inactivates enolpyruvyl transferase, thereby blocking cell wall synthesis |
| Fusidic acid | Fucidin | |||
| Metronidazole | Flagyl | Infections caused by anaerobic bacteria; also amoebiasis, trichomoniasis, giardiasis | Discolored urine, headache, metallic taste, nausea; alcohol is contraindicated | Produces toxic free radicals that disrupt DNA and proteins. This non-specific mechanism is responsible for its activity against a variety of bacteria, amoebae, and protozoa. |
| Mupirocin | Bactroban | Ointment for impetigo, cream for infected cuts | Inhibits isoleucine t-RNA synthetase (IleRS) causing inhibition of protein synthesis | |
| Platensimycin | ||||
| Quinupristin/Dalfopristin | Synercid | |||
| Thiamphenicol | Gram-negative, Gram-positive, anaerobes. Widely used in veterinary medicine. | Rash. Lacks known anemic side-effects. | A chloramphenicol analog. May inhibit bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 50S subunit of the ribosome | |
| Tigecycline(Bs) | Tigacyl | Slowly Intravenous. Indicated for complicated skin/skin structure infections, soft tissue infections and complicated intra-abdominal infections. Effective for gram-positive, gram-negative, anaerobic, and against multi-antibiotic resistant bacteria (such as Staphylococcus aureus [MRSA] and Acinetobacter baumannii), but not effective for Pseudomonas spp. and Proteus spp. | Teeth discoloration and same side effects as tetracycline. Not to be given to children and pregnant or lactating women. | Similar structure with tetracycline, but five times stronger, big volume distribution and long half-time in the body |
| Tinidazole | Tindamax Fasigyn | Protozoal infections | Upset stomach, bitter taste, and itchiness | |
| Trimethoprim(Bs) | Proloprim, Trimpex | Urinary tract infections | ||
| Generic Name | Brand Names | Common Uses[21] | Possible Side Effects[21] | Mechanism of action |
Note: (Bs): Bacteriostatic
Antibiotic candidates
[edit]These are antibiotic candidates, and known antibiotics that are not yet mass-produced.
| Generic name | Origin | Susceptible phyla | Stage of development | Mechanism of action |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unclassified | ||||
| Teixobactin | Eleftheria terrae | Gram-positive, including antibiotic resistant S. aureus and M. tuberculosis | No human trials scheduled | Binds fatty acid precursors to cell wall |
| Lolamicin[37] | Select gram-negative bacteria | No human trials scheduled | ||
| Malacidins | Uncultured Bacterium | Gram-positive, including antibiotic resistant S. aureus | No human trials scheduled | Binds fatty acid precursors to cell wall |
| Halicin | Anti-diabetic drug | Clostridiodes difficile, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis | No human trials scheduled | Disrupts electrochemical gradient |
See also
[edit]- Timeline of antibiotics, listed by year of introduction
- Pathogenic bacteria
Notes
[edit]References
[edit]- ↑ Pelczar, M. J.; Chan, E. C. S. and Krieg, N. R. (1999) "Host-Parasite Interaction; Nonspecific Host Resistance", In: Microbiology Concepts and Applications, 6th ed., McGraw-Hill Inc., New York pp. 478-479.
- 1 2 3 4 Aoki M (2015). レジデントのための感染症診療マニュアル. Japan: 医学書院. ISBN 978-4-260-02027-5.
- ↑ Cadena J, Nair S, Henao-Martinez AF, Jorgensen JH, Patterson JE, Sreeramoju PV (2011). "Dose of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole to treat skin and skin structure infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus". Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 55 (12): 5430–5432. doi:10.1128/AAC.00706-11. ISSN 1098-6596. PMC 3232808. PMID 21930870.
- ↑ Chan PA, Le Brazidec DL, Becasen JS, Martin H, Kapadia J, Reno H, Bachmann L, Barbee LA (2023-11-01). "Safety of Longer-Term Doxycycline Use: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis With Implications for Bacterial Sexually Transmitted Infection Chemoprophylaxis". Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 50 (11): 701–712. doi:10.1097/OLQ.0000000000001865. ISSN 1537-4521. PMC 10592014. PMID 37732844.
- ↑ Zhanel GG, Lam A, Schweizer F, Thomson K, Walkty A, Rubinstein E, Gin AS, Hoban DJ, Noreddin AM, Karlowsky JA (2008). "Ceftobiprole: a review of a broad-spectrum and anti-MRSA cephalosporin". American Journal of Clinical Dermatology. 9 (4): 245–54. doi:10.2165/00128071-200809040-00004. PMID 18572975. S2CID 24357533.
- ↑ Rosanova MT, Aguilar PS, Sberna N, Lede R (2019). "Efficacy and safety of ceftaroline: systematic review and meta-analysis". Therapeutic Advances in Infectious Disease. 6 2049936118808655. doi:10.1177/2049936118808655. ISSN 2049-9361. PMC 6416768. PMID 30891240.
- ↑ Smieja M (1998). "Current indications for the use of clindamycin: A critical review". The Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 9 (1): 22–28. doi:10.1155/1998/538090. ISSN 1180-2332. PMC 3250868. PMID 22346533.
- ↑ Turner NA, Hamasaki T, Doernberg SB, Lodise TP, King HA, Ghazaryan V, Cosgrove SE, Jenkins TC, Liu C, Sharma S, Zaharoff S, Wahid L, Renard VJ, Cook P, Raad I (2025-08-13). "Dalbavancin for Treatment of Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia: The DOTS Randomized Clinical Trial". JAMA. 334 (10): 866–877. doi:10.1001/jama.2025.12543. ISSN 1538-3598. PMC 12351474. PMID 40802264.
- ↑ Adamu Y, Puig-Asensio M, Dabo B, Schweizer ML (2024-02-21). "Comparative effectiveness of daptomycin versus vancomycin among patients with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bloodstream infections: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis". PLOS ONE. 19 (2) e0293423. Bibcode:2024PLoSO..1993423A. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0293423. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 10881006. PMID 38381737.
- ↑ Saravolatz LD, Pawlak JM, Wegner C (2020-09-01). "Delafloxacin activity against Staphylococcus aureus with reduced susceptibility or resistance to methicillin, vancomycin, daptomycin or linezolid". The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 75 (9): 2605–2608. doi:10.1093/jac/dkaa209. ISSN 1460-2091. PMID 32542310.
- ↑ Whitby M (1999). "Fusidic acid in the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus". International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. 12: S67–S71. doi:10.1016/S0924-8579(98)00075-2. PMID 10528788.
- ↑ Cunha BA (2013). "Minocycline, often forgotten but preferred to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole or doxycycline for the treatment of community-acquired meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus skin and soft-tissue infections". International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. 42 (6): 497–499. doi:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2013.08.006. ISSN 1872-7913. PMID 24126085.
- ↑ Gomi S, Price E, Burgoyne H, Faozia S, Katahira E, McIndoo E, Nmaju AA, Sharma K, Aghazadeh-Habashi A, Bryant AE, Stevens DL, Pierce JV, Serio AW, Hobdey SE (2025-09-03). "Omadacycline exhibits anti-inflammatory properties and improves survival in a murine model of post-influenza MRSA pneumonia". Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 69 (9): e0046925. doi:10.1128/aac.00469-25. ISSN 1098-6596. PMC 12406655. PMID 40757816.
- ↑ Virzì F, Giacopelli G, Tutone P, Tomasello S (2026). "Oritavancin as rescue therapy in severe methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia: A case report". Respiratory Medicine Case Reports. 60 102393. doi:10.1016/j.rmcr.2026.102393. ISSN 2213-0071. PMC 12989835. PMID 41847142.
- ↑ Hall RG, Smith WJ, Putnam WC, Pass SE (2018-09-02). "An evaluation of tedizolid for the treatment of MRSA infections". Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy. 19 (13): 1489–1494. doi:10.1080/14656566.2018.1519021. ISSN 1465-6566. PMID 30200779.
- ↑ Ruggero MA, Peaper DR, Topal JE (2015). "Telavancin for refractory methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia and infective endocarditis". Infectious Diseases. 47 (6): 379–384. doi:10.3109/00365548.2014.995696. ISSN 2374-4243. PMID 25746601.
- ↑ El Khoury J, Fishman J (2003). "Linezolid in the treatment of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium in solid organ transplant recipients: report of a multicenter compassionate-use trial". Transplant Infectious Disease. 5 (3): 121–125. doi:10.1034/j.1399-3062.2003.00024.x. ISSN 1399-3062. PMID 14617299.
- ↑ Carvalhaes CG, Sader HS, Flamm RK, Streit JM, Mendes RE (2020-03-24). "Assessment of Tedizolid In Vitro Activity and Resistance Mechanisms against a Collection of Enterococcus spp. Causing Invasive Infections, Including Isolates Requiring an Optimized Dosing Strategy for Daptomycin from U.S. and European Medical Centers, 2016 to 2018". Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 64 (4): 10.1128/aac.00175–20. doi:10.1128/aac.00175-20. PMC 7179311. PMID 32015026.
- ↑ Munita JM, Murray BE, Arias CA (2014). "Daptomycin for the treatment of bacteraemia due to vancomycin-resistant enterococci". International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. 44 (5): 387–395. doi:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2014.08.002. ISSN 1872-7913. PMC 4417356. PMID 25261158.
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